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BackgroundElectronic cigarettes (E‐cigs) have been gaining popularity, increasingly used to help reduce or cease smoking traditional cigarettes (T‐cigs). Although E‐cigs are considered a far less harmful alternative to T‐cigs, there is not enough information regarding the effects of vaping E‐cigs on periodontal health.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vaping E‐cigs, smoking T‐cigs and smoking cessation on oxidative stress markers, proinflammatory cytokines levels and periodontal clinical parameters in patients with periodontitis.MethodsThe study included a total of 57 individuals who were divided into three groups: T‐cig smokers (Group I, n = 19), E‐cig vapers (Group II, n = 19) and former smokers (Group III, n = 19). Full‐mouth clinical periodontal parameters were recorded and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected.ResultsThe mean interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) level of Group I (70.47 ± 2.76) was significantly lower than in Groups II and III. The mean tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) level of Group I (4.20 ± 0.14) was significantly higher than in Groups II and III.ConclusionsT‐cigs and vaping E‐cigs had the same unfavourable effects on the markers of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines.

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Objectives: Understanding the oral health behavior and knowing oral health status of a community in order to facilitate the development of satisfactory dental public health preventive program. In this context, the purpose of this study is to investigate oral health behaviour of Turkish community who live in Usak province besides and to evaluate CPITN and DMFT index scores according to age, gender and education level. Materials and Methods: A face to face questionnaire was conducted for 2412 subjects who were divided into six age groups to understand their oral health behavior. Periodontal measurements, and dental caries were applied by three calibrated expert researchers for all teeth except the third molar. Results: Healthy periodontal tissue only existed in 153 (10.05%) individuals of 1521 dentate participants. The mean DMFT value observed was 16.98±6.62. By aging, being male and having low education level, mean DMFT and CPITN scores showed an upward trend. 10.26% of the participants informed that they did not brush their teeth and 92.55% of them stated that they did not floss their teeth. Most of the participants (83.25%) informed that they visited a dental clinic only in emergency and pain. Conclusions: The mean DMFT and CPITN scores increase in accordance with aging, low education and being male. Low flossing frequency, low prevalence of tooth brushing and low frequency of going to the dentist regularly were observed at the end of the study.

The improvements in marine technological developments propagate urbanization in the ocean environment. The construction or operational activities of marine structures such as energy plants, oil platforms, pipelines , sea-tunnel passages, or cable-stayed suspension bridges, and vessel traffic are sources of underwater noise pollution. How underwater sounds such as piling, pole drilling, or machinery noises may affect the marine live is mostly ignored in marine construction, and there is lack of information regarding underwater sound effects on marine live in the oceans. Recently, a remarkable interest is developing concerning underwater sound effects, especially in aquaculture facilities, with experimentation of musical stimuli or various noises caused by pumps or filter systems on behavior and stress responses of fish in culture conditions. With the increase of urbanization and progressive development of marine industries, more and more pressure from human-generated (anthropogenic) underwater sound pollution may threaten marine mammals, fish species and invertebrates from underwater noises that in terms might be called as "Underwater Noise Pollution". The future of marine life and that of human being, and the dramatic increase of underwater sound pollution is a new debate that needs to be controlled in a sustainable way with environmentsound approaches. Therefore the potential effects of various sound sources derived from marine industrial activities have been reviewed in this study.