Recurrent falls are a disabling feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). We have estimated the incidence of falling over a prospective 3 month follow-up from a large sample size, identified predictors for falling for PD patients repeated this analysis for patients without prior falls, and examined the risk of falling with increasing disease severity. We pooled six prospective studies of falling in PD (n = 473), and examined the predictive power of variables that were common to most studies. The 3-month fall rate was 46% (95% confidence interval: 38-54%). Interestingly, even among subjects without prior falls, this fall rate was 21% (12-35%). The best predictor of falling was two or more falls in the previous year (sensitivity 68%; specificity 81%). The risk of falling rose as UPDRS increased, to about a 60% chance of falling for UPDRS values 25 to 35, but remained at this level thereafter with a tendency to taper off towards later disease stages. These results confirm the high frequency of falling in PD, as almost 50% of patients fell during a short period of only 3 months. The strongest predictor of falling was prior falls in the preceding year, but even subjects without any prior falls had a considerable risk of sustaining future falls. Disease severity was not a good predictor of falls, possibly due to the complex U-shaped relation with falls. Early identification of the very first fall therefore remains difficult, and new prediction methods must be developed.

These results indicate that ingestion of caffeinated beverages may maintain aspects of cognitive and psychomotor performance throughout the day and evening when caffeinated beverages are administered repeatedly. This study also demonstrates that day-long tea consumption produces similar alerting effects to coffee, despite lower caffeine levels, but is less likely to disrupt sleep. Other differences between tea and coffee were more subtle, and require further investigation.

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In this study, the impact of dosing frequency [once daily with bupropion extended-release (XL) versus twice daily with bupropion sustained-release (SR)] on medication persistence was assessed over a 9-month period in a large cohort of patients with depression in a managed-care setting. Administrative claims data from the Integrated Health Care Information Services National Managed Care Benchmark database were analyzed for patients 18 to 64 years old with a documented diagnosis of depression who began treatment with bupropion XL or SR between September 2003 and February 2004. Persistence of use was higher with once-daily bupropion XL (n = 1074) than with twice-daily bupropion SR (n = 1917) across measures assessed by univariate tests of proportions. The mean (+/-SD) number of days between the first and last prescription claims was longer with bupropion XL (128.37 +/- 103.46 days) than with bupropion SR (82.31 +/- 96.86 days) (P < 0.0001). The bupropion XL cohort had higher persistency of use than the bupropion SR cohort (mean +/- SD = 0.47 +/- 0.38 versus 0.30 +/- 0.36) (P < 0.0001) and a higher medication possession ratio (mean +/- SD = 0.50 +/- 0.33 versus 0.36 +/- 0.31) (P < 0.0001). Medication persistency >0.7 and a medication possession ratio >0.7 were almost twice as likely in the bupropion XL cohort (38.5% and 32.0%, respectively) than in the bupropion SR cohort (21.5% and 17.0%, respectively). Results of multivariate analyses adjusted for age, gender, and index date support the univariate analyses. Because better persistence and adherence may be associated with less likelihood of relapse and lower depression-associated health care utilization and economic burden, health care providers should consider the potential benefits of initiating treatment with bupropion XL for bupropion candidates and for switching bupropion SR recipients to treatment with bupropion XL.