Data from a large-scale study on emotional experiences in 37 countries are used to examine correlates of emotion-antecedent events being judged as unfair or unjust. This study included 2,921 students who reported situations in which they had experienced joy, anger; fear, sadness, disgust, shame, and guilt and described their situation appraisals and reactions. Anger-producing events were most frequently perceived as very unfair followed by disgust, sadness, fear, guilt, and shame. The results showed strong main effects of the perception of injustice for all negative emotions. Events experienced as unjust were described as more immoral, more obstructive to plans and goals, and having more negative effects on personal relationships. In addition, events regarded as unjust elicited feelings that were longer in duration and more intense. It is concluded that perceived injustice plays a powerful role in the elicitation of many different negative emotions and may serve as a mediating variable in emotion-antecedent appraisal.

The present study introduces a conceptualization of gender role self-concept that implies not only the commonly measured socially desirable expressive and instrumental traits (F+ and M+) but also feminine and masculine behaviors (FBehav and MBehav), and socially undesirable gender traits (F− and M−). Three different models were tested using structural equation modeling. For both men and women, F+ and FBehav load together on one dimension whereas M+ and MBehav load on a second dimension. F− and M− are conceptualized as independent dimensions that are mainly related to the cross-gendered latent factor. With the exception of these similarities, the self-concepts of men and women differed in several important aspects that point to a different meaning of gender roles for the two sexes.

Humans are social animals, but not everyone will be mindful of others to the same extent. Individual differences have been found, but would social mindfulness also be shaped by one’s location in the world? Expecting cross-national differences to exist, we examined if and how social mindfulness differs across countries. At little to no material cost, social mindfulness typically entails small acts of attention or kindness. Even though fairly common, such low-cost cooperation has received little empirical attention. Measuring social mindfulness across 31 samples from industrialized countries and regions (n = 8,354), we found considerable variation. Among selected country-level variables, greater social mindfulness was most strongly associated with countries’ better general performance on environmental protection. Together, our findings contribute to the literature on prosociality by targeting the kind of everyday cooperation that is more focused on communicating benevolence than on providing material benefits.

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Zusammenfassung: Im Rahmen von zwei Studien wurde ein neuer Fragebogen zur Messung normativer Geschlechtsrollenorientierung (NGRO) entwickelt (Studie I) und auf seine Reliabilität und Validität (Studie II) überprüft. Die Erhebung internalisierter, persönlicher Geschlechtsrollennormen (traditionell vs. egalitär) kann im Rahmen der Geschlechterforschung für verschiedenste Fragestellungen von Bedeutung sein. Bereits existierende Fragebögen sind nicht mehr zeitgemäß. Dies führt zu schiefen Scoreverteilungen und einer eingeschränkten Differenzierungsfähigkeit. Die Ergebnisse der beiden Studien weisen den Test als brauchbares Testinstrument aus. Mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse wurde die Eindimensionalität des Konstrukts nachgewiesen. Die Itemkennwerte der 29 Items liegen in einem akzeptablen Bereich. Reliabilität und Validität des Verfahrens sind zufriedenstellend. Es konnten erwartungsgemäß Subgruppenunterschiede zwischen Personen unterschiedlichen Geschlechts, Alters und Bildungsniveaus gefunden werden. Ferner zeigten sich Zusammenhänge mit Klerikalismus, Konservativismus und behavioraler Rigidität. Die Summenscores weisen einen großen Variationsbereich auf und sind für Stichproben von Personen unterschiedlichen Alters und Bildungsniveaus normal verteilt.