In this study, Listeria (L.) monocytogenes isolated from milk and milk products in Kaduna, Nigeria, were subjected to a multiplex PCR assay to identify virulence-associated genes (such as prf A, inl A, hly A, act A, and iap). Of the 36 isolates, 9 (25%) were positive for one or two virulence-associated genes. Based on the sample type, 6 (16.9%) of the isolates that possessed virulence-associated genes were obtained from raw milk, 2 (3.2%) from “Manshanu,” and 1 (2.8%) from “Kindrimo.” Sequence and phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA revealed that Nigerian L. monocytogenes isolates (NGA 34A, NGA 35A, NGA 41A, and NGA 38A), when compared with reference L. monocytogenes, were grouped into two distinct clusters, A and B, with sequence (NGA 34A, NGA 35A, and NGA 41A) phylogenetically closer to J1776; N1-011A; R2-502; J1816; and J2-031, whereas L. monocytogenes isolate (NGA 38A) clustered with EDG; J1-220; J1926; J1817; and J2-1091. The separation of the Nigerian L. monocytogenes isolates into linage A (responsible for epidemic listeriosis) and lineage B (responsible for sporadic cases of listeriosis) is of public health concern and that local isolates might have potentials for human food borne listeriosis based on the virulence factors so far identified.

Background and aim: Pathogenic Listeria species are responsible for foodborne diseases and high mortality and morbidity among immunosuppressed humans . Patients and Methods:A crosssectional study was conducted between March and November 2015 to determine the AMR profile and virulence genes associated with Listeria monocytogenes from beef sold in Zaria. A total of 240 raw beef samples were collected from beef retailers in Zaria city, Tudun-Wada, Danmagaji, Sabon Gari, Kwangila, and Samaru. The samples were transported to the Veterinary Public Health laboratory, ABU, Zaria, for processing. The isolates were further identified as Listeria species by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method. Multiplex PCR was used to identify the virulence genes associated with Listeria monocytogenes. The data were analysed using SPSS V23.0 and Microsoft Excel version 2019 for Windows 10. Odd ratio and 95% CI were determined. Value of P< 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Four different Listeria species were recovered from 66/240 (27.5%) meat samples. The Listeria species were L. grayi 39(59.1%), L. innocua 13 (19.7%), L. monocytogenes 8 (12.5) and L. ivanovii 6 (9.1). High percentages of Cefixime (87.5%) and Tetracycline (87.5%) susceptibility were found. The L. monocytogenes displayed high rate of resistance to Ampicillin (100%) and gentamicin (87.5%). Isolates from Sabongari, Tudun-Wada, and Zaria city had the highest Multiple AMR index (0.73). Two virulence genes were also identified: inlA 1 (12.5%) and iap 5 (62.5%). Conclusion:This revealed that Listeria monocytogenes prevalent in meat samples in Zaria have multiple AMR, and possess virulence genes .

With the assistance of using comparative analysis and interviews, we have formulated study on two discreet types of Islamic microfinance institutions: Non-government organizations & Commercial financial institutions. This has relatively been done with the help of taking into consideration the systematic disbursement and repayment methods. Conclusively, both of the companies were susceptible to Shariah risk, operational risk and credit risk. Furthermore, company B has a well renowned goodwill in the market therefore, it is prone to reputational risk as well.