Transgenic technologies have emerged as a powerful tool for crop improvement in terms of yield, quality, and quantity in many countries of the world. However, concerns also exist about the possible risks involved in transgenic crop cultivation. In this review, literature is analyzed to gauge the real intensity of the issues caused by environmental stresses in Pakistan. In addition, the research work on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) development and their performance is analyzed to serve as a guide for the scientists to help them select useful genes for crop transformation in Pakistan. The funding of GMOs research in Pakistan shows that it does not follow the global trend. We also present socioeconomic impact of GM crops and political dimensions in the seed sector and the policies of the government. We envisage that this review provides guidelines for public and private sectors as well as the policy makers in Pakistan and in other countries that face similar environmental threats posed by the changing climate.

In theoretical chemistry, the numerical parameters that are used to characterize the molecular topology of graphs are called topological indices. Several physical and chemical properties like boiling point, entropy, heat formation, and vaporization enthalpy of chemical compounds can be determined through these topological indices. Graph theory has a considerable use in evaluating the relation of various topological indices of some derived graphs. In this article, we will compute the topological indices like Randić, first Zagreb, harmonic, augmented Zagreb, atom-bond connectivity, and geometric-arithmetic indices for chain hex-derived network of type 3 CHDN3(m,n) for different cases of m and n. We will also compute the numerical computation and graphical view to justify our results.Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C12, 05C90

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Conventional plant breeding methods exploit already existing genomic variation in plants to develop a variety in 8 to 10 years, which can decrease the genetic variability of the plant’s genome. The ever-increasing food demand for cereals crops cannot be met by traditional breeding methods. In order to increase food production in less time, there is a dire need to improve breeding methods. Several conventional and molecular breeding methods are being used to improve the crops traits. Molecular researchers have developed new genome editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9, CRISPR/Cpf1, prime editing, base editing, dcas9 epigenetic modification, and several other transgene-free genomes editing approaches. These genome editing tools can improve the desired traits precisely and efficiently. Moreover, a newly developed breeding method “Speed Breeding” has revolutionized the agriculture by shortening the crop cycle. It can produce 5-6 generations of cereals in a year. In this review, we have summarized all these conventional and molecular breeding approaches to improve cereal crops.

In recent times, the applications of graph theory in molecular and chemical structure research have far exceeded human expectations and have grown exponentially. In this paper, we have determined the multiplicative Zagreb indices, multiplicative hyper-Zagreb indices, multiplicative universal Zagreb indices, sum and product connectivity of multiplicative indices, multiplicative atom-bond connectivity index, and multiplicative geometric-arithmetic index of a famous crystalline structure, magnesium iodide MgI 2 .