TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThe general tendency in simulation technique of thermal recovery processes has been to use the fully implicit finite difference method to solve the mass and heat transport. The method has been proven favorable to handle rapidly changing properties and complex physical mechanisms encountered in the processes. However, this method is limited in the grid size due to restrictions in computational power. In addition, the method could also erroneously predict recovery performance if care is not taken in the choice of numerical scheme. For example, when the mobility ratio of the displacement is unfavorable, calculations often result in exaggerated global sweep and may adversely affect reservoir performance prediction. Local grid refinement is a natural process to handle this situation but requires a great amount of memory and high computational cost. This becomes inefficient when multiple simulations are required to assess a wide range of reservoir development scenarios.An alternative approach to solve the problem is to use the streamline method. Because fluid transport occurs along streamlines rather than between discrete grid blocks on which the reservoir pressure field is solved, the problems associated with the fully implicit finite difference method are minimized and the simulations can run much faster. This is supported by the results presented in this paper. We applied the developed thermal streamline simulator to a hot water-flooding process. Test simulations were performed in the two-dimensional (2D) areal quarter five spot pattern. The heavy oil reservoir is assumed to have undergone cold water injection. Water at the initial conditions is about 45 times more mobile than oil, which leads to unfavorable displacement. The results of simulations are compared with those from the fully implicit method using the 5-point and 9-point finite difference schemes. Although simplified, the simulation demonstrates the main features of our simulator.
In this study, CO2 Flooding simulation models were used to predict oil recovery. The models were previously validated by laboratory experiments of continuous injection and water Alternating Gas (CO2) injection for miscible condition. Sensitivity test was performed to attain the effect of injection rate parameters. The simulation experiments indicated that the optimal performance for both methods obtained at injection rate of 0.09 cuft/day. The scenarios of continuous CO2 injection showed that the maximum recovery factor was 21.1%. While the maximum recovery factor of the scenarios of water alternating gas was 37.9%. Based on the results of the whole scenarios used, Walter Alternating Gas flooding resulted in more effective recovery factor than Continuous CO2 Flooding, within the range of injection rate studied.
Basis data cadangan minyak dan gas bumi yang dikelola LEMIGAS menunjukkan bahwasekitar 62% dari isi awal minyak ditempat masih tertinggal dalam reservoar setelah pengurasanprimer dan sekunder. Jumlah terbesar dari potensi enhanced oil recovery (EOR) tersebut beradadi wilayah Sumatera Tengan dan Selatan. Dominan dari potensi ini merupakan kandidat aplikasiEOR injeksi kimia dan CO2. Sebagian kecil saja dari minyak ini dapat diproduksi akan memberikontribusi yang berarti dalam meningkatkan produksi minyak Indonesia di masa mendatang.Implementasi EOR adalah proses yang kompleks dan setiap reservoar memerlukan spesifikoperasi dan fluida injeksi. Oleh karena itu, proses evaluasi dan pengembangan proyek EORperlu dilakukan sistimatis dan bertahap dari seleksi, evaluasi, uji coba hingga tahap aplikasi dilapangan. Berbagai inovasi teknologi telah dikembangkan untuk menghasilkan perbaikan dalamproses EOR. Paper ini menguraikan potensi EOR Indonesia serta sebarannya dan bidang riset yangperlu dikembangkan LEMIGAS untuk mendukung aplikasi EOR secara komersial di Indonesia.Sepintas deskripsi mengenai teknologi EOR juga disertakan dalam paper ini.
Untuk mengurangi kesenjangan antara kemampuan produksi dan kebutuhan minyak bumi nasional yang semakin lebar ke depan, maka diperlukan kegiatan penganekaragaman sumber daya minyak bumi, diantaranya dari oil sands kedalaman dangkal. Teknologi eksploitasi oil sands kedalaman dangkal dengan cara penambangan terbuka yang dikenal sebagai oil mining sangat berbeda dengan teknologi eksploitasi minyak bumi konvensional, sehingga diperlukan regulasi khusus sebagai landasan hukum operasional oil mining. Tujuan kajian ini adalah menelaah aturan hukum, prinsip-prinsip hukum, maupun doktrin-doktrin hukum guna menjawab isu rezim dan aturan hukum yang diperlukan terkait pengusahaan oil sands kedalaman dangkal. Metodologi kajian menggunakan pendekatan hukum normatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi pustaka terhadap data sekunder serta bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Hasil kajian menyimpulkan bahwa karakteristik minyak bumi yang ditemukan pada endapan dangkal oil sands di Indonesia memenuhi kriteria pengertian minyak bumi yang dimaksud Pasal 1 Ayat 1 Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Minyak dan Gas Bumi, sehingga undang-undang ini dapat menjadi payung hukum pengusahaan oil sands dengan teknologi oil mining. Dukungan formal dari Pemerintah kepada Kontraktor Hulu Migas pada tahap uji coba diperlukan karena belum ada regulasi khusus sebagai landasan hukum operasional kegiatan oil mining. Teknologi oil mining perlu diakomodir dalam definisi Eksploitasi dalam Undang Undang Migas untuk menjadi landasan hukum positif pengembangan oil sands kedalaman dangkal untuk peningkatan cadangan dan produksi minyak bumi nasional.
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