The complexity of the treatment of atopic diseases, including bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic urticaria, in pediatric patients lies in the detrimental effect of first-line drugs (glucocorticoids) on children's health and in the low prevalence of types of biological preparations due to limited data on their efficacy and safety, especially for the child population. The work presents a review of data on therapy with biological preparations in various pathological conditions, their effectiveness and safety in the long term. The aim of the review is to summarize the data on the treatment of atopic diseases with biological preparations. Materials and methods. We identified putatively relevant studies by searching MEDLINE, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Google Scholar electronic databases over the past 7 years using the terms: bronchial asthma; chronic urticaria; atopic dermatitis; biological preparations; omalizumab; dupilumab; mepolizumab; safety; monoclonal antibodies; efficiency. Further, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as the independent selection of all authors, the suitable sources were selected and the review was compiled. Results. At the moment, there are not enough long-term studies on this topic, especially in pediatric practice. However, the existing ones allow drawing a preliminary conclusion about the prospects for further study of this topic in the treatment of atopic diseases.

Asthma is a chronic disease of the bronchi: causing swelling and spasms of the mucous membrane, it provokes respiratory disorders and asthma attacks. This disease significantly affects the quality of human life, is included in the list of the 20 most common chronic pathologies among the population. Worldwide, about 300 million people suffer from asthma, and this number is projected to increase to 400 million by 2025. Since the first-line therapy is glucocorticosteroid, characterized by the presence of a large number of undesirable effects on drugs, the question of finding an alternative way to treat asthma is quite significant today. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of antihistamines in the treatment of asthma. Materials and methods. We identified potentially relevant studies by searching the electronic databases MEDLINE, SCOPUS, PubMed, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews over the last 5 years up to November 2022 using the terms: antihistamines, asthma, allergic rhinitis, efficacy, therapy, adverse effects, sedative antihistamines, second generation antihistamines, clinical trials, bronchospasm, histamine. Further, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as independent selection, all the authors of this article selected sources that met the criteria and compiled this review. Results. Therapy of bronchial asthma in combination with allergic rhinitis with antihistamines is effective, and since allergic rhinitis is a frequent comorbidity in cronchial asthma, in view of their associated pathogenesis, antihistamines can be considered quite effective in the treatment of certain types of asthma.

Allergic diseases are a huge problem for the practitioner today. Since 2nd generation antihistamines are the drugs of choice in the treatment of chronic urticaria and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, the practitioner needs to be aware of the pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The purpose of the review. This article provides an update on the clinical pharmacology, mechanisms of action, and safety of second- generation antihistamines. We identified potentially relevant studies by searching the electronic databases MEDLINE, SCOPUS, PubMed, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews over the last 5 years up to November 2022 using the terms: antihistamines, allergy, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, therapy, safety, efficacy, adverse effects, sedative antihistamines, second generation antihistamines, clinical trials. Further, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as independent selection, all the authors of this article selected sources that met the criteria and compiled this review. Results. Recent studies have shown the efficacy and good tolerability of second-generation antihistamines, confirming their use as first-line drugs for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria.

In recent years, the use of off-label drugs (the use of drugs for indications not approved by state regulatory bodies, and also not mentioned in the instructions for use) has become widespread in the pediatric population. For a long time, clinical trials in the pediatric population were considered difficult to conduct due to ethical issues, leading to frequent off-label drug use. Off-label drug use remains an important public health problem, especially in children with rare diseases or diseases not responding to standard treatment. The purpose of the review is to analyze foreign literature sources on the use of biological preparations outside the instructions. The use of drugs outside the instructions (off-label) is a topical issue in the clinical practice of doctors of various specialties, and this is especially in demand in pediatric practice. This is due to the fact that a registered drug may have a successful experience in adults, but at the same time not have official approval for use in children. The need to use drugs outside the instructions for use, as a rule, occurs in patients with severe, chronic, life-threatening pathology. Further studies analyzing their efficacy, safety, and cost-benefit ratio are needed to expand the use of biological therapy in the pediatric population.

Depression therapy and prevention is a topical issue of today's medicine. Most drugs used in the treatment of mental disorders have many side effects that affect the quality of life. Herbal medicines have a high level of availability and an almost complete absence of adverse drug effect manifestations. Melissa officinalis is widely used in Oriental medicine for the treatment of mental disorders, which can be considered as an opportunity to use lemon balm as an adjunctive therapy for depression and other mental disorders. The aim of the review is to pool the available data on adjunctive Melissa officinalis therapy for mental disorders. Materials and methods. We identified potentially relevant trials by searching MEDLINE, SCOPUS, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to June 2022 using the terms: lemon balm, depression, anxiety, psychiatric disorders, irritation, therapy, efficacy. Further, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as by means of independent selection, all the authors of this article selected the sources that met the criteria and compiled this review. Results. Clinical trials show the effectiveness of Melissa officinalis in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and insomnia, however, due to the heterogeneity of the statistical data, the results should be regarded as preliminary until the completion of further studies with more homogeneous groups of participants and standardized dosages, dosage forms, and duration of administration.