In view of considerable interest in the development of liquid phase sintered structural and high-temperature ceramics on the base of silicon carbide, a comprehensive review of the data on structure, properties and the known methods of processing of silicon carbide seems timely. The most striking feature of silicon carbide is its polytypism, i.e. formation of a great number of different structural modifications without any change in composition. Although this feature of silicon carbide was extensively studied, no systematic up to date analysis was done. However, polytypism and the tendency of the polytypes to undergo structural transformations at working temperatures may lead to uncontrollable modification of the materials properties, and therefore needs to be fully understood. Furthermore, the recently developed liquid phase sintering technique for silicon carbide densification is of an undoubtful interest and the overview of the results achieved until present time may provide some guidelines for the ceramists.

A series of silicon carbide‐based ceramics with different sintering additives were liquid‐phase sintered to high densities. Yb2O3 in combination with AlN was used as the additive, instead of the commonly used Y2O3–AlN, to improve the refractoriness of the secondary phase. Thermo‐chemical decomposition of AlN was sufficiently suppressed with the use of nitrogen overpressure and reasonable weight loss was achieved in the different additive containing SiC ceramics without a reactive powder bed. Use of the heavier rare‐earth element modified the liquid phase formed during sintering and reduced the phase transformation controlled grain growth rate, compared with Y2O3 doped materials. It also permitted microstructure tailoring through post‐sintering heat treatments in nitrogen. Materials with self‐reinforced microstructures, formed as a result of anisotropic grain growth, were obtained. Improved fracture toughness (4.5–5 MPa/m1/2) and good flexural strength retention up to 1400°C were also observed.

Microstructure development and phase formation processes during sintering of silicon carbide based materials with AlN-Y2O3, AlN-Yb2O3, and AlN-La2O3 sintering additives were investigated. Densification of the materials occurred by liquid-phase sintering mechanism. Proportion of alpha- and beta-SiC powders in the initial mixtures was a variable parameter, while the molar ratio of AlN/RE2O3, and the total amount of additives (10 vol. %) were kept constant. Shrinkage behavior during sintering in interrelation with the starting composition of the material and the sintering atmosphere was investigated by high temperature dilatometry. Kinetics of b-SiC to a-SiC phase transformation during post-sintering heat treatment at temperatures 1900-1950 °C was studied, the degree of phase transformation being determined by quantitative x-ray analysis using internal standard technique. Evolution of microstructure resulting from beta-SiC to alpha-SiC transformation was followed up by scanning electron microscopy on polished and chemically etched samples. Transformation-controlled grain growth mechanism similar to the one observed for silicon nitride based ceramics was established. Possibility of in-situ platelet reinforced dense SiC-based ceramics fabrication with improved mechanical properties by means of sintering was shown

Possibility of high performance ceramics manufactured from commercial SiC powder of technical grade has been shown. Sintering behavior and microstructure formation under conditions of liquid phase sintering (LPS) with oxynitride sintering aids (AlN-Y 2 O 3 ) of three SiC-based compositions have been investigated. Two of the compositions were based on Alcoa 1000 SiC powder of technical grade, and the third one, which was used as a reference, was based on H.C. Starck UF-15 fine grade commercial powder. Milling process used for Alcoa 1000 SiC powder granulometry improvement has been investigated in detail, while chemical treatment of milled SiC powders has been used for pick-up impurities removal. Dilatometric experiments showed that SiC powder of technical grade after appropriate treatment exhibits sinterability comparable with the fine grade SiC. Microstructural investigations performed on sintered samples showed that the final microstructure of the Alcoa 1000 SiC based materials was practically identical with the H.C. Starck SiC based reference ones. Preliminary investigations of hardness and fracture toughness were carried out revealing excellent results for the materials produced from cheaper, nationally produced starting powder.