РАКЕТНО-КОСМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНИКА* На данном этапе развития ракетно-косми-ческой техники и космонавтики особую актуаль-ность приобретает разработка крупногабарит-ных космических летательных аппаратов (КЛА) с длительным сроком службы. Данные КЛА не-обходимы для комплексного исследования Луны, организации исследовательских автоматических и пилотируемых миссий к планетам Солнечной системы, в том числе к Марсу, борьбы с косми-ческим мусором, обеспечения электропитания крупных научных инструментов, например, орби-*

* Увеличение количества частных предпри-ятий, обеспечивающих вывод полезного груза на орбиты, ведет к увеличению количества косми-ческих аппаратов (КА), работающих на около-земных орбитах и в межпланетном пространстве. Поэтому актуальным является развитие бортовых источников электроэнергии, получаемых в том числе путем преобразования избыточной тепло-вой энергии. К таким КА можно отнести и раз-рабатываемый в РФ транспортно-энергетический модуль, предназначенный как для довыведения КА на различные орбиты, очистки околоземного © Колычев А. В., Керножицкий В. А., Юнаков Л. П., Левихин А. А., 2018 пространства от осколков и мусора, так и для про-ведения дальних межпланетных автоматических экспедиций. Предполагается, что в основе энергообе-спечения указанных КА станет система с прямым преобразованием тепловой энергии в электриче-скую энергию. Поэтому задача разработки и со-вершенствования таких систем электрообеспече-ния тоже является актуальной.В БГТУ «ВОЕНМЕХ» разработан и ис-следуется новый тип гидродинамических термо-эмиссионных преобразователей (ГИТЭП) [1][2][3], в основу которых положен процесс организации в активной зоне термоэмиссионного преобразова-теля высокоскоростных потоков инертных газов РАКЕТНО-КОСМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНИКА

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Actual problem of modern equipment is the electricity supply of radio-electronic systems of remote sensing of Earth of the spacecrafts and complexes functioning in difficult weather conditions, for example, in the Arctic or in case of emergency situation when it is necessary to give signal «about need of the help». Data on the hydrodynamic thermal electron emission converter (HTEEC) developed in Baltic State Technical University VOENMEH, and also on option of its laboratory sample (LS) are provided in the present article. The HTEEC device is that in active zone HTEEC the current of flows of weakly ionized plasma (FWIP) with high speeds will be organized (0,5-7 km/s and above). It allows to have working surfaces of the cathode and GITEP anode at distances much more than sizes, characteristic of classical TEC, in 0,3-0,5 mm. Thus reliability of HTEEC due to lack of need of maintenance of fine-line spacing and minimizing of negative effects of change of form of active surface of the cathode increases. The laboratory sample is intended for carrying out complex pilot studies of the HTEEC device for two types of propulsive masses -combustion products of organic fuel and inert gases with additives of alkaline metals. Results of the real research have found the reflection when working on the subject «Geksapod» which is carried out to Baltic State Technical University VOENMEH. Field of application of such converters is independent power sources of the Arctic vehicles functioning on the basis of organic fuel and spacecrafts of radio-electronic remote sensing of Earth with superlong life.

Rated estimates of effect of application of the Thermal electron emission Way of Cooling (TWC) of blades of turbines (BT) of the gas turbine converters (GTC) of the Space Aircraft (SA) developed in in D. F. Ustinov Baltic State Technical University «VOENMEH» are given in the present article. Relevance of development of TWC is confirmed by the fact that now in the Russian Federation development of the SA platform with the energy basis at the heart of which the principle of gas turbine transformation is conducted. However, because of low reliability of its basic elements - blades of turbines in operating conditions, it is necessary to reduce temperature in installation that reduces efficiency and increases the weight and dimensions of SA in general. It means that taking into account opportunities of modern means of removal, opportunities for equipment of SA of the radio-electronic equipment are reduced and characteristics of SA with radio equipment in general decrease. Improvement of these characteristics requires increase of reliability of blades of turbines and increase on this basis of temperature of GTC, its efficiency with simultaneous decrease in weight and dimensions. But in this case it is supposed that turbine blades will be made of the ceramic materials functioning in the environment of the inert gases heated from onboard source of heat energy. One of problems at the same time is emergence of temperature gradients, tension and deformations that can lead to emergence of cracks. However, if to execute ceramic blades from metalsimilar connections (borida, carbides, alloys of borid and carbides) using TWC, then opportunity essential (more, than twice) decrease in both TB temperature, and temperature differences, and tension in TB design appears. In article it is also shown that decrease in temperature stresses in design of hot elements at equivalent heat load is reached due to fundamental properties of thermionic emission, namely thanks to dependence of intensity of thermionic emission and electronic cooling on temperature.