The effluence of Agbarho abattoir wastes and animals’ dung on near surface groundwater quality was geoelectrically investigated using 2-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity by engaging Wenner array configuration using PASI-16GL Terrameter. Four traverses of lateral distance of 50m with 2.5m electrode spacing were gotten from the study area and the acquired data was processed and inverted using RES2DINV software so as to delineate the trend of migration of contaminants. Borehole-water samples were collected within the study area for both physiochemical and microbiological analyzes while the depth of aquifer (groundwater) was determined by employing Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). The 2-Dimensional Inversion model for traverse 1 and 2 revealed a low resistivity value of 0.445Ωm and 2.53Ωm respectively and this occurred at the top soil. Also, the low resistivity value of 0.319Ωm in traverse 3 was indicated in the second layer at the lateral distance between 15m to 35m and at the depth of 6.22m. The model in traverse 4 revealed low resistivity value of 0.374Ωm from the top layer down to the fourth layer at the depth of 9.8m. These low resistivity values indicate high conductivity of bacterial and algae of the animal waste and this can be attributed to the presence of suspected contaminants plume of the abattoir. The depth of aquifer revealed by Vertical Electrical Sounding was 8.9m which is in third layer and the lithology was found to be as fine sand. All physiochemical results including pH value which is 5.1 (acidic in nature) fell below the permissible limit of World Health Organization (WHO). The microbial result showed the total coliform count value as 70 cfu/ml which is not in-line with WHO standard. In conclusion, the study showed that the contaminant exists and pose threat to groundwater in the study area.

Climate change and global warming which is also known as a change in Earth’s overall climate or rising temperature have taken centre stage in international concerns, several fora and treaties have been observed with a view of stemming trend, in rising temperatures. This study evaluated ten years of maximum and minimum annual temperature of Warri  in Nigeria between (2005 and 2015) to determine trends and identified extreme fluctuation in temperature. Data used for this study were sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency’s Zonal Office, Warri. An objective method for determining temperature extreme has been used. Least square linear regression equation has been used to estimate temperature that would be equalled or surpassed 1%, 5% and 10% of the hours at any given location during the warmest and coldest months of the year. These equations are based on an index calculated from the three readily available parameters; the mean monthly temperature, the mean daily maximum temperature for the month and the mean daily minimum temperature for the month. The warmest month in Warri was March with a mean monthly temperature of 33.9 while the coldest month was July with mean monthly of 25.8.

Geophysical investigation using the 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) was carried out to assess the subsurface of Ugoneki and its environs in order to investigate for minerals. A total of six (6) traverses, 200 m long each, three (3) transverse lines were in the North-South direction and the other three (3) traverses in the West-East direction using the Wenner electrode configuration. 2D Wenner resistivity data were acquired along each traverse. The data were inverted to reveal a spatially continuous resistivity distribution in 2D within the study area. The 2D results reveal a depth of 39.6 m across each traverse. Resistivity values vary from 87.1 – 3423 Ωm in the entire study area. From the standard resistivity table, the following solid and non-metallic type of minerals can be delineated in the study area which is representative of sandy clay, lateritic clay sand, sandstone and limestone with resistivity values that range from 87.1 – 89.9 Ωm, 1201 – 1462 Ωm, 2069 – 3423 Ωm, and 2069 – 3423 Ωm respectively. The implication of this research is to know the type and the particular location where these non-metallic solid minerals are located in the subsurface for future exploration. The results of resistivity values are compared with those in the literature and are found to be in good agreement. In order to quantify these minerals, it is also recommended to use higher dimension (3D) of resistivity method (ERT) in the study area.

A statistically driven spectral method was carried out on 3D seismic data and well logs in ‘’VIC’’ Field within the Niger Delta with the aim of deriving reservoir properties and delineating stratigraphic features using edge detection attributes like coherence so as to have a better and clearer view of subsurface structure of a reservoir interval that possesses hydrocarbon using Spectral method. A suite of data consisting of seismic sections and composite logs comprising Gamma-ray, Resistivity, Spontaneous Potential, Sonic Time and Porosity logs (density and Neutron) were utilized to identify reservoir interval on log signature across wells 4 and 5 and the reservoir interval obtained was between 11,164 feet and 11,196 feet. Edge detection attribute like coherence was computed from the amplitude data in time domain and transformed to frequency domain using Fourier Transform tool in MATLAB. In order to display well log in time, well to seismic tie was carried out using check shot data which was used as time to depth relationship. The analysis of the spectral domain shows distinct bright spots that vary with measured depth due to variation in fluid and formation properties. The results led to an enhancement of seismic data interpretation in the field of study due to a spectral technique method that was applied to calculate the frequency slices. The results indicate that the spectral domain in coherence attributes revealed better geological features and the reservoir character such as faults and fractures. Frequency domain gives better geological maps as it is used to filter data, which means it is an enhancement of hidden features in time domain and gives a smoother variation of the features that has low frequency values. A reservoir with low frequency values is a sandy environment showing stratigraphy features. Hence, the reservoir is suspected to be a channel fill reservoir. This implies that Spectral domain (frequency) defines major geological areas of the ‘’VIC’’ field and gives much clearer image of the reservoir features within the field than in time domain.  

The occurrence of solid minerals in Ugonoba community was investigated using the 3D electrical resistivity method. Data was acquired  using PASI 16GL Terrameter using the wenner electrode configuration with a view to delineating mineral deposits in the study area.  During the reconnaissance survey, the outlook of some geological features in the form of outcrops on the surface formed part of the motivation for the geophysical survey within the Ugonoba area. Ten traverses of 200 m maximum spread and 10m electrode spacing with total depth of 40.07 m were obtained in the study area to form a square grid. The acquired data was first processed and inverted using RES2DINV software to generate ten 2-D model images and later collated into 3-D using the inversion code of RES3DINV software which automatically determines a horizontal 3D depth slice, cubes and block models of resistivity distribution. These models generated were interpreted and used to ascertain the true resistivity, lithologic formation, depth extent to any buried mineral and aggregate deposited in the study area. The extracted 3D model images revealed evidence of some geological materials/minerals in the study area which fall within the high resistivity range of 2500 Ωm to 14376 Ωm. It can therefore be inferred from the standard resistivity table that the lithology of study area is composed of non-metallic type of mineral resources which are: clayey sand, lateritic clayey sand,  sandstone and limestone. The estimated quantity in metric ton for the dominant lithology (sandstone, granite and limestone) is ± 10% of 1,257,142.9 which can be commercially explored. Keywords: Wenner-wenner array, outcrop, minerals, RES3DINV, block models.