Environmental effects of vehicle exhausts from internal combustions engines which accounts for about 90% of vehicles on the roads is posing a major threat to environmental safety, and it only continues to surge at an alarming rate now than ever. With diesel engines being the most cost-effective prime mover readily available, their contribution to environmental pollution problems is humongous. The harmful contaminants from diesel exhausts are particulate matter (PM) and hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides (NOx). So, efforts to curb environmental pollution are the need of the hour by making necessary improvements to reduce their local and global environmental impact. In this study, examine the effects of yttria- and alumina-stabilised zirconia coating on the piston head and cylinder lining of a single-cylinder diesel engine, as well as its performance and emissions. Various dosing amounts of nanoparticles of aluminium oxide were utilised as additives to diesel fuel in this study, on both coated and uncoated internal combustion engines. Many coated engine metrics improved significantly as a result of the research. The brake thermal efficiency has increased by 2.1 percent as compared to a conventional uncoated diesel engine, while brake-specific consumption has dropped by 3%, resulting in a reduction in dangerous chemicals.

A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque. We have several types of gears among which spur gears are used as pinion and gear between parallel shafts.. When the involute portion of the tooth mates with the non-involute portion of the other tooth an undercut is formed. Due to this the mating gear will try to scoop out metal from the interfering portion. In order to avoid undercutting and interference, addendum modification of the gear tooth is carried out. This paper describes about the modeling meshing and the analysis techniques. Effort has been taken to develop the tooth profile involute as well as the fillet region by calculating the co-ordinates using C-language. The output file of the C-program is converted to modeling software PRO/E for 3-D modeling with the help of a coupler software DXF file converter. Those PRO/E models are imported to an analysis software ANSYS for the proposed stress analysis.

Gears play an important role in every aspect of power and motion of transmission from historical period to modern day period . Due to this , gear design has become a complicated art.A considerable amount of research has been carried out to determine the amount of dynamic gear tooth loads acting.The findings of the dynamic load between the gear teeth results in difficulty for the designer.In this paper, an effort has been made to formulate a simple design procedure for calculating the dynamic load .Earlier the stiffness characteristics and deformation of the gear tooth were studied to predict the dynamic load acting. This was developed with the tooth assumed as a short cantilever.Whereas in reality, an involute profile exists in a spur gear tooth.Based on this reality, work has been done to model the exact profile of the tooth.Later ,the stiffness characteristics were carefully analysed and an improvement was thus made. It was proved that FEA is one such technique that can be used for predicting dynamic loads acting on a gear tooth.

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