The article proposes a method for evaluating the frost resistance of concrete at actual operating temperatures, using measurement results at temperatures that are regulated by current standards. Frost resistance was evaluated by determining the amount of water freezing at different temperatures, based on the measured adsorption isobars and the obtained relationship between the freezing temperature of water in concrete pores and relative humidity. A comparison of the calculated values of the frost resistance of concrete with those got based on direct measurements showed the adequacy of the calculation model. To get information about the frost resistance of concrete during unilateral freezing, a conductometric method was used to determine the kinetics of moisture diffusion and ice formation. It is shown that the use of this method allows one to establish the propagation speed of the ice formation and water diffusion front and the corresponding freezing depth of concrete samples depending on their capillary-porous structure and initial storage conditions. In general, the studies conducted allowed us to get a more reliable picture of the behaviour of concrete under alternating temperature load than is provided for by current regulatory documents.

The article is devoted to the study of the possibility of obtaining information about frost resistance and strength of concrete based on the analysis of its moisture-transporting and equilibrium water-holding properties. The dependences of the moisture diffusion coefficient, equilibrium moisture content at various values of relative humidity and porosity of autoclaved cellular concrete specimens on the concentration of water-repellent additive were studied. A comparison of the results of these measurements with the data on frost resistance, got by the direct method according to the current standards, have been made. It is shown, that moisture-transporting and water-holding characteristics can be used to assign concrete compositions optimal in frost resistance and strength. The mechanisms of the influence of water repellent on the frost resistance at its various concentrations are considered. It has been established that the composition of cellular concrete containing 2% water-repellent additive is optimal.

This paper is a continuation of two previous articles devoted to an attempt to estimate the contribution of the spatial disorder of molecular systems in their particular states (critical liquid-vapor transition points). Using fractal modeling for dynamic stochastic systems made it possible to single out two statistical multipliers, GN and FZ, based on the difference between the ways of particle interaction (GN) and considering the system’s motion as such in the phase space (FZ). These multipliers form the basis of physical statistics based on a deep understanding of the types of interactions and their consequences. In addition, it is shown that the physical statistics multipliers GN and FZ have different content when applied to systems with a quantum nature of interactions or other phase space elements. As a result, the idea arose about the possibility of forming fragmented physical statistics, which would differentiate both the interactions between the particles of systems and individual elements of the phase space, aiming to highlight the general patterns inherent in their particular states. The present paper is devoted to forming such fragmented physical statistics and the individual results of its application. The main asset of the proposed method for considering statistical problems is the rethinking of the phase space of dynamic stochastic systems, in which one can single out (as a separate element of the phase space) the space of solid angles of orientation of momenta (or wave vectors) of system particles. Accordingly, an additional component of the entropy of systems in certain states appears – the orientational component of entropy. The only reason for the appearance of an additional orientation component of entropy in all cases is the mechanism of mono energization of the particle spectrum, the physical nature of which can be very diverse. However, the statistical result is always the same: a sharp increase in the orientation component of entropy with the emergence of a direction distinguished in the system. The selected direction can be inherent in the system or imposed on it by external influence – then we will call such ordering in systems generation. If the selected direction arises spontaneously, then we will call it self-ordering process. Often such a self-ordering process is also stochastic, such as turbulence. The paper’s conclusion is as follows: the increase in entropy in systems occurs not only when they approach the state of equilibrium but also when self-ordering processes appear in them.

The materiality of the gravitational field is taken into account on the basis of the law of universal gravitation, accepted as an exact law describing the pairwise interactions of massive bodies. Unlike Brillouin and Lucas, who were the first to carry out such an account and obtain a negative value of the field mass, the field mass in our work has the same sign as the mass itself. Replacing the "mass-gravitational field" representation with "mass-field mass" distinguishes gravity from other interactions, leads to an increase in mass in such interactions, indicates the existence of a double effect of gravity and allows its physical modeling. In particular, it has been shown that, despite the small value of the relative mass gain in pair interactions, during the formation of clusters of stars with a large number of bodies, the relative mass gain increases nonlinearly. Under certain conditions, this increase becomes infinite, symbolizing the onset of a macroscale gravitational collapse, resulting in the formation of supermassive black holes. Attention is focused on the fact that the final mass of a supermassive black hole (invisible mass) can be tens and hundreds of times greater than the initial mass of the cluster (visible mass). Moreover, half of the black hole's mass is outside the gravitational radius of the black hole, forming a massive invisible halo. According to the authors, a macroscale collapse based on taking into account the materiality of the gravitational field can be considered as one of the effective mechanisms for the formation of invisible (dark) matter in the Universe.

The effectiveness of using fractal models to consider complex multicomponent systems, especially those whose functioning is based on stochastic processes, is well known. In particular, they also include molecular systems, the study of which was considered the exclusive prerogative of the well-known methods of statistical physics. At first glance, it seems that the imposition of fractal modeling on a statistical problem is a kind of double simplification, which should narrow the area of applicability of such an approach. However, fractal modeling only tightened the requirements for a clearer and more precise formulation of statistical problems, refinement of basic concepts, ideas about distinguishing particles, etc. The paper shows for the first time that the statistics of molecular systems should be based on two statistical factors Gn and Fm. The basis for the factor Gn is the difference in the nature of the motion and interaction of particles, and the factor Fm is the difference in the ways of filling the phase cells. They together form physical statistics that are sensitive to changes in the nature of interactions in the system. At the same time, mathematical methods of statistics, insensitive to the nuances of interactions, describe the maximum chaos in the system, in fact, an ideal gas. One of the achievements of the study is the establishment of the fact that both quantum statistics are based only on the statistical factor Fm, based on the difference in the ways of filling the phase cells.