Лакокрасочные покрытия используются в различных отраслях народного хозяйства. Удачно сочетая комплекс положительных свойств, присущих полимерным материалам, с декоративными и физико-механическими свойствами древесины и древесных материалов, покрытия позволяют успешно реализовать многочисленные задачи по формированию защитно-декоративных покрытий на современном этапе научно-технического прогресса. В связи с широким использованием лакокрасочных покрытий в технике интенсивно разрабатываются новые лакокрасочные материалы, методы нанесения и приемы образования покрытий, совершенствуются аппаратура и методы исследования, расширяется область применения. В настоящей статье, основу которой составляют результаты многочисленных работ в области физико-химических процессов, проходящих на границе раздела жидкость – подложка при образовании лакокрасочных покрытий, сделана попытка обобщить накопленные материалы за годы исследований, при этом стремились к объективной оценке имеющихся данных, что позволяет указать на необходимость дальнейшего развития научных представлений, лежащих в основе процессов образования покрытий. Авторы стремились вскрыть физико- химическую сущность процессов образования покрытий и показать многофактурность процесса формирования лакокрасочного покрытия. При этом в меньшей степени обращалось внимание на конкретность того или иного режима, а рассматриваются кинетические закономерности и тенденции процесса. Формирование лакокрасочных покрытий включает в себя сложный комплекс стадий и технологических операций, каждая из которых требует специальных материалов и оборудования. Известные полимерные материалы могут быть модифицированы с учётом требований технологии и свойств твердой поверхности, которая играет определяющую роль во взаимодействии с лакокрасочными материалами, приводящими к образованию прочного адгезионного контакта и обеспечивающими требуемые физико-механические и защитно-декоративные свойства покрытия. Сложность физико-химических явлений на границе полимер – твердая поверхность требует использования имеющихся в смежных областях рекомендаций и теоретических представлений. Проведённые исследования позволяют утверждать, что для каждого конкретного сочетания лакокрасочного материала с подложкой устанавливаются параметры, присущие только данной конкретной системе взаимодействия, хотя общий экстремальный характер сохраняется. Проведенные исследования показывают, что подогрев поверхности подложки способствует улучшению смачивания её лакокрасочными материалами, что, в конечном итоге, повышает качество покрытий. Таким образом, если ставится задача рационального выбора технологического процесса отделки, необходимо учитывать влияние многочисленных факторов взаимного влияния межфазовых взаимодействий газовой среды, жидкости и твердого тела. Paint coatings are used various branches of the national economy. Successfully combining a complex of the positive properties inherent in polymeric materials, with decorative and physic-mechanical properties of wood and wood materials, coverings allow to realize successfully numerous tasks of formation of a protective decorative coating at the present stage of scientific and technical progress. Due to the wide use of paint coatings in technique new coating compositions, methods of drawing and methods of formation of coverings are intensively developed, the equipment and research techniques is improved, the range of application extends. In this article which principles results of numerous works in the field of the physical and chemical processes which are taking place liquid on a demarcation – a substrate are at formation of paint coatings the attempt to generalize the saved-up materials for years of researches is made, at the same time aspired to objective assessment, the available data that allows to indicate the need of further development of the scientific representations which are the cornerstone of processes of formation of coverings. Authors sought to open a physical and chemical substance of processes of formation of coverings and to show a process ambiguity of formation of a paint coating. At the same time the attention to concreteness of this or that mode was to a lesser extent paid, and kinetic regularities and tendencies of process are considered. Formation of paint coatings includes the composite complex of stages and technological operations, each of which demands express materials and an inventory. The known polymeric materials can be modified taking into account requirements of technology and properties of a solid surface which plays a defining role in interaction with the coating compositions leading to formation of strong adhesion contact and providing demanded physic-mechanical and protective and decorative with properties of a covering. Complexity of the physical and chemical phenomena on border polymer – the solid surface demands use of the recommendations which are available in interfacing areas and theoretical representations. The conducted researches allow to claim that for everyone concrete a combination of a coating composition to a substrate the parameters inherent only in this concrete system of interaction are set though the common extreme character remains. The conducted researches show that heating of a surface of a substrate promotes wetting improvement by its coating compositions that, finally, increases quality of coverings. Thus, if the task of the rational choice of technological process of finishing is set, it is necessary to consider influence of numerous factors of interference of the phase interactions of a gaseous fluid, liquid and a solid body.
Grinding holds the specific place among other types of machining of wood caused by specific features of the occurring physical phenomena and features of the tool. When processing the mechanical, chemical, thermal, electric and accompanying those phenomena arise a multiple-point cutting tool of preparations from wood or wood materials, naturally. The mechanical phenomena are shown owing to repeated contact of an abrasive paper from the preparation processed by a surface, that is, the fissile sliding friction. These phenomena are followed by a pollution of a cutting tool, including consolidation of space between abrasive grains that reduces operability of an abrasive paper. On the basis of the conducted theoretical researches and the analysis of the removed equations for determination of critical sizes of front corner, thickness of cut and speed of cutting, it is possible to draw conclusion that all listed parameters have significant effect on the size of bearing of the processed material abrasive grain, therefore, and on intensity of emergence of contact collapses. Increase in critical thickness of a cut leads to increase in deformation of near-surface layers of the processed material, and, therefore, and to increase in depth and the number of contact destructions.
The grinding tool does not have a solid cutting edge, in most cases the front angles for abrasive grains are negative, the grains have rounded vertices and an irregular geometric shape. Grinding should be considered as a process of cutting-scratching the surface layer of wood with a large number of abrasive grains of the grinding tool. The main purpose of the grinding process is to prepare the surface for finishing by eliminating irregularities and defects of the previous processing. The effectiveness of grinding to a greater extent depends on the processing conditions, characteristics and properties of the grinding tool. Theoretical studies and analysis of the derived equations for determining the critical values of the rake angle, cut thickness and cutting speed show that all of the above parameters have a significant effect on the amount of lifting of the processed material by abrasive grain and the intensity of the appearance of contact fractures. An increase in the critical thickness of the slice leads to an increase in the deformation of the surface layers of the processed material, and, consequently, to an increase in the depth and number of contact fractures. The increase in the absolute value of the rake angle leads to the need to increase the critical cutting speed to ensure the conditions of chip formation. In general, an increase in cutting speed always has a positive effect on chip formation conditions and on the quality of the machined surface. An increase in the modulus of the rake angle leads to a deterioration in the conditions of chip formation and surface quality. An increase in the radius of curvature of the cutting edge of the grain leads to an increase in the critical thickness of the slice, which entails an increase in contact deformations and fractures.
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