Робота виконана на м'ясо-яєчних курях вітчизняної селекції, племінна робота з якими проводилася в ДДСП НААН. За тривалого розведення «у собі» методами масової селекції господарсько корисні ознаки м'ясо-яєчних курей вітчизняної селекції дещо погіршилися. У зв’язку з цим  виникла нагальна необхідність покращення основних продуктивних ознак м'ясо-яєчних курей за схрещування з птицею високопродуктивних кросів закордонної селекції. Схрещування м'ясо-яєчних курей з півнями батьківської форми кросу „Кобб-500” суттєво збільшило живу масу гібридних нащадків F1, масу яєць в 52-тижневому віці курей, але зменшило несучість порівняно з вихідною базовою популяцією. Гібридизація м'ясо-яєчних курей з півнями кросу „Росс-308” збільшила тільки енергію росту молодняку F1 до 10-тижневого віку. Розведення гібридів F1 „у собі” та зворотне схрещування самок F1 з переярими півнями кросу „Кобб-500” сприяло підвищенню живої маси у нащадків F2, маси яєць, але при цьому знизило несучість на 7,7-10,1 яєць (або 8,19-11,03%) порівняно з вихідною материнською формою. Розведення „росівської” птиці F1 „у собі” та зворотне схрещування гібридних самок F1 з переярими півнями кросу „Росс-308” сприяло покращенню живої маси потомків F2 на 5,21-11,89%, несучості на 6,2-7,4 яєць порівняно з м'ясо-яєчними курьми базової популяції. При об’єднанні птиці різних генотипних груп було створено гетерогенну субпопуляцію, продуктивні ознаки якої поліпшилися у порівнянні з попередніми поколіннями (F9–F11) птиці вихідної базової популяції. Порівняно з попередніми поколіннями збільшилася жива маса птиці в молодому (півників на 100-310 г, курочок – на 50-180 г) та дорослому віці (півнів на 130-730 г, курей на 150-650 г), маса яєць у різні вікові періоди,  несучість (на початкову несучку на 14,5-27,2 яєць, на середню - на 14,3-26,2 яєць), життєздатність  молодняку ( на 5,0-7,3%) і дорослого поголів’я (на 5,5-7,6%). Відтворні якості курей створеної гетерогенної популяції були добрими.

No abstract

The article presents the results of determining the parameters of growth intensity in the geese of different genotypes in the process of creating a dimorphic population. It was found that in the geese of the Rhine and Large Gray breeds, dimorphic population, high rates of formation intensity were determined during the first three weeks of life, slightly lower – in the offspring of F1-F3. For the value of this criterion, a tendency to increase from the descendants of F1 to dimorphic geese. In most cases, the bird of the original breed was characterized by a higher growth rate than the hybrids. The highest values of the growth uniformity index are characteristic of Large Gray geese, which indicates a better gradual uniform development of their internal organs and systems compared to birds of other studied groups. F1 hybrid geese, having a high live weight at 9 weeks of age, were characterized by a higher value of growth uniformity. Dimorphic geese in this parameter predominated only in F2 hybrids. The growth uniformity index shows a high correlation with live weight of the geese at 9 weeks of age (r = 0.6518). This indicates that with its use it is possible with a high probability to predict the further live weight of the bird. High rates of absolute and relative growth and the index of uniformity of growth contribute to the formation of high live weight in geese of Large Gray breed in the early ontogenesis. This indicates their moderate type of growth, ie obtained close indicators of relative growth in adjacent age periods. The maximum values of the growth stress index were determined in poultry of the original breeds, which indicates a more uniform intense growth of young animals. The geese of the created dimorphic population, which outnumbered the descendants of the first-third generation, were also characterized by relatively high values of this indicator. The growth stress index shows a close correlation with the indicators of the intensity of formation (r = 0.9559). A negative correlation was established between the growth stress index and the value of the relative growth – r = -0.4033. With an increase in the growth stress index, an increase in the value of the average daily increase (r = 0.6934) is expected.

The article presents the results of predicting the laying capacity of hens of different genotypes during an experiment to study the effectiveness of crossing roosters of imported meat crosses with meat-egg females of domestic selection. The average percentage of deviations of the actual bearing capacity values from the theoretically calculated values was generally low. It amounted to 0.82–4.55 % according to the model of T. Bridges and 0.8–3.28 % according to F. Richards. In the same group of chickens, the last model showed slightly more minor deviations than the model of T. Bridges. The most remarkable correspondence between the actual values of laying and those predicted by both models was determined in F1 chickens of the “K-2” group. Insignificant differences between the actual laying values and those predicted by both models were noted in F10 meat-egg chickens of the original maternal form, their F1 offspring, and chickens of the “K-5” group – 0.82–1.96 % according to the model of T. Bridges, 0.81–0.91 % according to the model of F. Richards. It is possible that the actual laying level of the birds of these groups determined in our research corresponded to the active paratypic factors in their maintenance, which is shown by the applied mathematical models by the high degree of coincidence of the calculated values with the actual ones. In a somewhat specific way, the models predicted laying in hens of other experimental groups. Thus, the model of T. Bridges underestimated the predicted bearing capacity by 3.59–8.25 %. Whereas the model of F. Richards also underestimated egg laying in the 5–7 months by 0.75–3.59 %, and in the last month, on the contrary, overestimated it – by 1.79–4.33 %. Although, in the end, the deviations of the predicted values from the actual values were slight – 2.82–4.55 % according to T. Bridges and 2.15–3.28 % according to F. Richards. The analysis of load-carrying curves calculated according to models showed a significant coincidence of actual and theoretical values – the R2 value, which determined the degree of correspondence between empirical and calculated load-carrying values, was high and amounted to 99.63–99.92 % according to the model of T. Bridges and 99.65–99.98 % according to the function of F. Richards.

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to continually conduct autopsy analysis of dead embryos as an integral part of genetic monitoring of harmful mutations, which may reduce the level of genetic burden in the gene pool of poultry. The study was conducted on poultry of different species of the Ukrainian gene pool: chickens of meat and egg area of productivity, turkeys of the original family lines of the Kharkiv crossing. The purpose of the study was to determine the spectrum and frequency of manifestation of hereditary genetic defects in the development of embryos in land birds of different species, to establish the level of genetic burden. The spectrum and frequency of morphological and anatomical hereditary defects of chicken and turkey embryos were established during pathological and anatomical examination of incubation waste. Visual examination of dead embryos allowed identifying morphological abnormalities in the structure of the skeleton, as well as various disproportions of its individual parts. In chickens of subpopulations with black-striped and white plumage, among birds of all studied groups, the widest range of morphological abnormalities of embryo development was discovered. In meat and egg hens with golden plumage, three anomalies with the same frequency of manifestation of 33.3% were found among the examined dead embryos. Only 1 anomaly “exencephaly” was found in birds with mottled plumage. Two cases of double mutation were found in birds with silver plumage among the examined dead embryos. The level of genetic burden in the studied subpopulations of meat and egg chickens was in the range of 3.45-8.72%. In birds with white and silver plumage, this figure was higher than the maximum allowable value, therefore it is necessary to carry out selection measures to eliminate lethal genes from these populations of chickens. In turkeys of the paternal line 5 and maternal line 6 of the Kharkiv crossing, 2 morphological anomalies of embryo development were found among the examined dead embryos. The level of genetic burden in turkeys of related forms is low – 1.60-1.89%, which does not exceed the maximum allowable value (8.0%). This indicates a low share in the heredity of the used offspring of hidden carriers of “defective” genes. At this stage, the preservation of the gene pool of birds is not threatening for its further breeding