На пiдставi розробленого алгоритму оцiнки санiтарно-токсикологiчних властивостей системи «Гальваношлам − природний об'єкт» з використанням модельного мiдно-цинкового шламу. Iдентифiковано мiнерали гальваношламу, що мiстять iони важких металiв-ZnSO 4 •H 2 O, ZnSO 4 •7H 2 O, Cu 3 (OH) 4 (SO 4), (Zn 3.2 Cu 0.8)(SO 4)(OH) 6 •4Н 2 О, якi при тривалiй взаємодiї з навколишнiм середовищем можуть утворювати легкорозчиннi токсичнi сполуки. Встановлено, що процес нейтралiзацiї сульфатних мiдно-цинкових розчинiв вапняним молоком протiкає в два етапи: утворення полуводного i двуводного гiпсу; утворення сполук важких металiв. Вивчена водно-мiграцiйна активнiсть iонiв Cu 2+ i Zn 2+ , якi входять до складу гальваношламу. Доведено, що з двох дослiджуваних металiв катiони Zn 2+ вносять бiльший внесок в негативний вплив на об'єкти довкiлля в порiвняннi з катiонами Cu 2+. Дослiджено особливостi розподiлу i мiграцiї iонiв важких металiв у ґрунтах пiсля забруднення їх гальваношламом. Встановлено, що iнтенсивнiсть трансформацiї iонiв Zn 2+ та Сu 2+ з гальваношламiв до ґрунту визначається типом ґрунту i фiзико-хiмiчними властивостями самих металiв. Встановлена кореляцiя мiж рухливiстю iонiв важких металiв i кислотнiстю ґрунтiв. Для Zn 2+ максимальна рухливiсть спостерiгається в ґрунтах з рН≈7. Для Сu 2+ рухливiсть в нейтральних або лужних ґрунтах нижча, нiж у ґрунтах з кислим середовищем. Визначено основнi кiлькiснi показники потенцiйної фiтотоксичностi гальваношламу-всхожiсть, енергiя, дружнiсть i тривалiсть проростання насiння тест-рослин. Показано, що сумiсна дiя Cu 2+ i Zn 2+ проявляється як в iнгiбуваннi, так i в стимулюваннi ростових процесiв тест-рослин i визначається, перш за все, бiологiчною специфiкою самої тест-культури, а також властивостями ґрунту i ступенем їх забруднення. Представлений в роботi порядок виконання дослiджень дозволяє прогнозувати небезпеку гальваношламiв для навколишнього природного середовища. А також, може бути застосований природоохоронними i проектними органiзацiями при проведеннi агроекологiчного монiторингу Ключовi слова: алгоритм, вiдходи виробництва, гальваношлам, санiтарно-токсикологiчнi властивостi, екологiчна безпека

Deadwood is an important component of forest ecosystems, and difference in the deadwood carbon stock depends on many variables including forest management. The aim of our study was to determine the patterns of formation of deadwood stocks in oak (Quercus robur L.) forests in the Left Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine. As an outcome of the research, the data on deadwood parameters were obtained. The growth characteristics and coarse woody debris (CWD) characteristics were measured on intensive monitoring and inventory plots. Assessment of morphometric parameters of the CWD in oak stands was carried out by measuring diameters at top and bottom cut and length; to determine the carbon content, deadwood density was used. The distribution of deadwood by tree species, sizes and stages of decomposition was defined. The stock of dead trees (snags) in oak forest is 15.2 m3/ha and that of logs is 21.5 m3/ha. The carbon accumulation in oak forest stands in the Left Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine was 3.4 and 4.5 t C/ha in dead trees and logs, respectively. The dynamics of deadwood stocks according to the results of repeated observations was given.

Oak (Quercus robur L.) forest stands are among the most common forest formations in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. Investigations of the patterns of distribution of trees by diameter and the dynamics of the commodity structure of mature oak stands of coppice origin were carried out based on the forest survey data from 28 temporary sample plots, on the sites designated for the final felling in the Left-Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine (Sumy, Kharkiv, and Poltava Regions). We distributed trees by diameter classes and technical suitability categories. To establish the commodity structure of the stand, we selected model trees that corresponded to the average size of trees in terms of diameter classes and their qualitative characteristics. Then, we constructed a model tree stem profile using Institute of Forest Ecosystems Research (IFER)’s method of “6 points”. Based on stands’ structure and quality condition as well as on the growth tables, the commodity structure dynamics table for the changes in the commodity structure for the coppice oak stands in the Left-Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine has been developed. The results of the analysis of wood stock dynamics showed that the maximum average increment of class A and B wood is 90–100 years. Therefore, the age of technical maturity and the associated age for the final felling in commercial oak forests of second site class and above should be assigned to 91–100 years.

The issue of pine forest stands health condition and mortality at the scale of one state enterprise (SE "Lymanske Forest Economy"), located in the Northern part of the Steppe zone of Ukraine, is considered. For the study data from two repeated observations at 8 permanent plots, laid in 2019, in forest stands with varying degrees of mortality and those damaged by fire was used. A re-survey was carried out in 2020. Using the GIS Field-Map, trees were mapped at the permanent plots and their health condition, mortality, and damage were assessed. For the background assessment of pine forests condition, the results of observations at 7 forest monitoring plots (I level) (surveys of 2015 and 2020) were used. The source of climate data was the online resource ClimateCharts.net. It was found out that over the last 10 years, due to climate change, the temperature in the region increased and the amount of precipitation decreased, which led to the appearance of a dry period in August, which is unfavourable for the growth of pine forests at the limit of their range. Groundwater levels have changed, as evidenced by the drying of Lake Lyman during 2013-2020. Obtained results showed, that the condition of pine stands in the monitoring plots significantly deteriorated compared to 2015. Currently, the condition of pine forests are considered as "weakened" and "severely weakened" (the health condition index (HCI) of living trees varied from 1.53 to 2.70), the average defoliation and mortality of trees have increased significantly. In weakened stands, the proportion of trees with damage increases over time, in particular, due to the colonization of stem insects. Forest fires pose a significant threat to the pure artificial pine forests that predominate in the region. As a result of fires, the condition of the stands deteriorated (HCI 2.49–2.70) and the number of dead trees increased.

A review of literary sources on the diameter distribution of trees and marketability structure of black alder stands in the Slobozhanskyi forest typological district and the whole of Ukraine is carried out, the relevance of this study is established. Comparison of forest typological and forest management zoning is presented for a clearer identification of the study region, as a prerequisite for the creation of regional standards for forestry. The analysis of the distribution of black alder in the forest fund of the study region is carried out and the forestry and evaluation indicators of the alder forest stands are studied. The distribution of black alder stands of the region by origin, forest types, density of stocking and productivity has been evaluated. The evaluation indicators and marketability structure of black alder stands in the study region are considered. Models of the diameter variability of the modal stand, the ratio of the variability of the industrial timber part to the total dimensional variability of the stand, taking into account the minimum and maximum diameters in the modal stand, have been calculated. The relationship between the proportion of industrial timber and the age of modal alder stands of coppice origin has been established. The tables of the marketability structure dynamics of modal alder stands were created, taking into account the distribution of the volumes of industrial timber by dimensional classes, consistent with European approaches to round timber measurement. When compiling the standards, the previously developed yield tables of modal black alder stands of coppice origin of the Slobozhanskyi forest typological district, a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the output of industrial timber in modal black alder stands according to different standards is carried out. When comparing the standards developed for the Slobozhanskyi forest typological district with the standards developed for the whole of Ukraine, it was found that in the latter the output of industrial timber is significantly higher, which is primarily associated with the forest site conditions of the region and the coppice origin of forest stands.