The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the accelerated development of cyber-physical technologies lead to essential changes in national tax systems and international taxation. The main areas in which taxation meets cyber-physical technologies are digitalization, robotization, M2M and blockchain technologies. Each of these areas has its own opportunities and problems. Three main approaches towards possible solutions for these new problems are identified. The first is to try to apply taxation to new cyber-physical technologies and products of their application. This approach includes the OECD's Action 1 Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. It also includes the spread of traditional taxes on new objects-personal data, cryptocurrencies, imputed income of robots. The second is to replace digital transactions and shortfalls in revenues by traditional objects of taxation in the form of tangible assets and people and / or increase tax pressure (including by improving tax administration with use of Big Data) and the degree of progressiveness of taxes already levied on such objects. The third approach is to set a course on building a new tax space with smart taxes based on real-time principles, smart contracts and Big Data. This implies a transition to automatic taxation using blockchain technologies, which focus on the functions of applying distributed ledgers of business transactions in realtime. At present, the general trends are such that the first and second are prevalent, which is manifested in an increase in the relative importance of property, sales and employment taxes. Concerning the third approach, any movement in this direction is still facing a number of technical and other problems and is thus being discussed mainly at the conceptual level KEYWORDS Cyber-physical technologies, digitalization, blockchain, taxes on digital goods, taxes in Big Data, taxes on robots, taxes on cryptocurrencies JEL H20, H30 HIGHLIGHTS 1. Production technologies and taxes are dialectically linked. Therefore, the accelerated development of cyber-physical systems leads to substantial transformations of national taxes and international taxation 2. It is established that there are three main areas where taxes meet new cyber-physical technologies and where new fiscal opportunities and problems arise-digitalization, robotics, M2M and blockchain technologies 3. Three main approaches to solving emerging problems of taxation are stressed: the first entails extended tax coverage of new cyber-physical technologies and products

Introduction. Accelerated development of the smart industry based on the use of modern cyber-physical technologies, is the worldwide dominant trend that will determine the competitive positions of national economies in the upcoming years.Problem Statement. Ukraine needs to improve its readiness for accelerated development of the smart industry (industry 4.0), insofar as its conventional industry undergoes a crisis, while the new smart industry has not yet received due attention from the government.Purpose. To substantiate the measures for improving the readiness of the national industry for smart transformations in accordance with the current world trends in the development of cyber-physical production ecosystems.Materials and Methods. Comparing the ratings of Ukraine, some other countries, and the world as a whole by the groups of indicators «institutions», «technologies», and «economy» characterizing the readiness of the industry for smart transformations. Results. The industry of Ukraine has been established to retain, at least partially, its productive and innovative capabilities. The situation with the quality of basic economic institutions is more problematic. The toughest problems are a low overall level of the domestic economy development, and an unacceptable backlog in the development of R&D due to insufficient funding because of weak business demand for R&D products.Conclusions. In the complex of measures to improve the readiness of Ukrainian industry for smart transformations, the greatest attention should be paid to increasing the business demand for R&D products. This requires transforming the short horizon of business planning, because of adverse influence of political cycle, to the long one by creating long-term development institutions based on the principles of independent regulatory agencies. K e y w o r d s: smart industry, cyber-physical ecosystem, R&D, institution, and horizon of business planning.

Статья посвящена принципам налогообложения в условиях цифровизации экономики. Новая промышленная революция и цифровизация изменяют субъектов налоговых отношений и налоговую базу, а, соответственно, -и представления о том, на каких принципах налоги должны быть построены. В этой связи в принципах налогообложения предложено различать условно-постоянную и переменную части. К условно-постоянной части отнесены классические каноны выгоды (benefit principle) и платёжеспособности (ability-to-pay principle), которые получили широкое признание многих поколений учёных и практиков. Их относительное постоянство определяется тем, что налоговая теория имеет дело с поведением людей и отношениями между людьми, а не со способом производства. К условнопеременной части отнесены принципы, связанные с минимизацией издержек доступа к налоговой базе. В условиях цифровизации это требования: получения защищённой цифровой информации о хозяйственных трансакциях в режиме реального времени; цифровой алгоритмизации и автоматизации налогообложения; исчисления и уплаты налогов по смарт-контрактам согласно императивам государственной экономической политики. Они являются условно-переменными, поскольку под влиянием технологического прогресса трансформируется налоговая база и условия минимизации издержек её использования. Установлено также, что требования к налогам и налоговой политике зависят от жизненного цикла технологий. На ранних его этапах они нуждаются в наибольшей налоговой поддержке. При этом для догоняющих стран такая поддержка имеет большее значение, чем для развитых, поскольку эмерджентные экономики не имеют достаточного опыта продвижения технологических инноваций, соответствующих институтов и высоких доходов, генерируемых зрелыми технологиями предыдущих поколений. Для стимулирования новых технологий целесообразно использовать не только вертикальные (секторальные) меры (как, например, налоговые льготы сектору микроэлектроники), но также меры горизонтальные (общесистемные), а также матричные (смешанные), учитывающие национальные и региональные технологические приоритеты.

Introduction. The Fourth industrial revolution and accelerated development of Industry 4.0 disruptive technologies are accompanied by the formation of new value creation networks and the redistribution of production facilities that partially return to advanced economies. Problem Statement. Processes of technological development and new value chains' formation are turbulent, so that some countries have taken lead in the sphere of technology, while others have become outsiders. Between them, new technology gaps are emerging or existing ones are changing, and this, in turn, has a critical impact on the development of national economies: productivity, job creation, profitability of businesses, employment, and population income. Purpose. To develop a framework for defining the concept and estimating the size of technology gaps between countries with different levels of industrial development in the context of the Fourth industrial revolution. Materials and Methods. Historical analysis of technology gap economic concepts, statistical analysis of indicators of economic and R&D development of world economies, economic and mathematical modeling of the cyber-physical technology life cycle. Results. Within the economic theory of the technology life cycle, an emendated concept of technology gap has been proposed. It is mainly related to jump transition from one technology curve to another. To assess the size of technology gaps, a logistic function has been proposed. It determines the relationship between labor productivity and capital/labor ratio taking into account the interdependence of physical and digital capital. Using this function, technology gaps between industrialized European economies and Ukraine, which manifest themselves as multiple lags in productivity, have been identified. Conclusions. In order to reduce the technology gaps between Ukraine and European countries, it is necessary to create a new, innovation-oriented business ecosystem that is formed in the course of gene-cultural-technological co-evolution and, above all, requires a set of measures to accelerate the development of Ukrainian R&D sphere, as well as related culture and institutions. K e y w o r d s : industrial revolution, technology gap, cyber-physical technology, technology curve, and business ecosystem.

The article deals with the problem of substantiation of the emergent economies development regulatory measures (fiscal and / or monetary), using the evolutionary modelling methods. For this purpose, the mathematical model was constructed that simulates the co-evolution process of the advanced and developing countries, linked by global value chains. In this model, each country is characterized by its original structure of economic entities, defined by the ratio of the egoistic enterprises (predisposed to conservative behaviour) to the altruistic enterprises (predisposed to innovation), as well as by specific population and demographic processes. The results of the computational experiments have shown that the success of economic regulation fundamentally depends on the peculiarities of the initial state of the institutional environment. In the institutional environment with the «transparent» long behaviour and, accordingly, a long economic planning horizon, the best result in the form of average annual production growth rate of the emergent economies is provided by the cheap money policy combined with the high European taxes. A different situation is observed in more realistic short behaviour and, accordingly, short (under 5 years) economic planning horizon. In this case, any tax policy (neither low nor high taxes) together with any money (neither cheap nor expensive), to a certain extent loses its significance, as the initially backward innovative system does not allow to quickly get good results, and the long-term benefits of the potential economic growth are not taken into consideration. However, low taxes and cheap money are important as they create better conditions for survival of the altruistic enterprises, facilitating their investment activities, which can multiply increase their technical performance and economic efficiency. Still, in the context of the evolutionary economics and following the conducted computational experiments, the fiscal policy in terms of emerging markets retains its regulatory capacity, and therefore requires further reforms in the context of the «new reality» based on the global value chains.