Introduction: Standardized methods of reporting complications after radical cystectomy (RC) and urinary diversions (UD) are necessary to evaluate the morbidity associated with this operation to evaluate the modified Clavien classification system (CCS) in grading perioperative complications of RC and UD in a real life cohort of patients with bladder cancer. Materials and methods: A consecutive series of patients treated with RC and UD from April 2011 to March 2012 at 19 centers in Italy was evaluated. Complications were recorded according to the modified CCS. Results were presented as complication rates per grade. Univariate and binary logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: Results and limitations: 467 patients were enrolled. Median age was 70 years (range 35e89). UD consisted in orthotopic neobladder in 112 patients, ileal conduit in 217 patients and cutaneous ureterostomy in 138 patients. 415 complications were observed in 302 patients and were classified as Clavien type I (109 patients) or II (220 patients); Clavien type IIIa (45 patients), IIIb (22 patients); IV (11 patients) and V (8 patients). Patients with cutaneous ureterostomy presented a lower rate (8%) of CCS type IIIa ( p ¼ 0.03). A longer operative time was an independent risk factor of CCS III (OR: 1.005; CI: 1.002e1.007 per minute; p ¼ 0.0001).

According to data of the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Health Organization (Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, GLOBOCAN, and the World Health Organization Mortality), bladder is among the top ten body locations of cancer globally, with the highest incidence rates reported in Southern and Western Europe, North America, Northern Africa and Western Asia. Males (M) are more vulnerable to this disease than females (F), despite ample frequency variations in different countries, with a M:F ratio of 4.1:1 for incidence and 3.6:1 for mortality, worldwide. For a long time, bladder cancer was genetically classified through mutations of two genes, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3, for low-grade, non-invasive papillary tumors) and tumor protein P53 (TP53, for high-grade, muscle-invasive tumors). However, more recently scientists have shown that this disease is far more complex, since genes directly involved are more than 150; so far, it has been described that altered gene expression (up- or down-regulation) may be present for up to 500 coding sequences in low-grade and up to 2300 in high-grade tumors. Non-coding RNAs are essential to explain, at least partially, this ample dysregulation. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge about long and short non-coding RNAs that have been linked to bladder cancer etiology.

The study will provide information on patients' quality of life and its variations over time in relation to the treatments received for the prostate cancer.

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Diagnosis of prostate cancer has until recently relied primarily on eight core TR biopsy. Tests are being carried out to verify whether PDU can effectively aid such diagnosis thereby reducing the number of biopsies and tissue samplings. This has also been our attempt. Two groups of patients were examined for increased PSA with or without a palpable prostatic nodule. The first group was composed by 52 patients between 55 and 83 years of age (av. 69.57) with PSA values between 0.87 and 94.91 ng/mL (r.8.085) of which 29 (55.75%) showed a palpable nodule. All patients underwent prostatic eight core TR ecobiopsy. The second group was composed by 56 patients between 49 and 84 years of age (av.69.19) with PSA values between 1.14 and 59.7ng/mL (r.8.74) of which 33 (58.97%) showed a palpable nodule. This group of patients underwent a PDU just before TR biopsy in order to assess prostatic blood supply and locate possible alterations. Prostatic volume in both groups was never higher than 50 cc. Of the first group 25 patients (48.08%) were prostate cancer positive. Of the second group 31 patients (55.36%) were positive to a biopsy for prostate cancer. In addition 22 out of the 31 showed a vascular irregularity. From the evidence above (tests carried out by the same operator with two homogeneous groups of patients-Wilcoxon test-) it is clear that PDU usefully worked in diagnosing a higher number of prostate cancers. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was markedly increased by the association of PDU and TR biopsy.