Undoped and Mn doped SnO2 prepared by co-precipitation method exhibits nanocrystalline nature with prominent peaks along (110), (101), (211), and (310) planes. All the prepared samples are nanocrystalline with crystallite size lying in the range of 4.85.6 nm. The prepared SnO2 nanoparticles exhibit single tetragonal crystalline phase. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy images show that the particles are nanocrystalline in nature. The composition of the prepared samples have been analyzed using energy dispersive analysis of X-rays spectra. The photoluminescence spectroscopy shows the recombination of electrons in singly occupied oxygen vacancies with photoexcited holes in the valence band. Broad UV emission at 426 nm is observed in photoluminescence. UVvis absorption spectral studies showed a peak at 385 nm. Magnetic measurements revealed that all the doped samples exhibit room temperature ferromagnetism, which is identied as an intrinsic characteristic obtained on doping. Pure SnO2 nanoparticles showed diamagnetism, SnO2 with lower Mn content show larger magnetization and with increasing Mn content the retentivity and coercivity are found to decrease.

No abstract

No abstract

Nanocrystalline SnO2 powder has been successfully synthesized by using tin(II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl[Formula: see text]H2O), distilled water and liquid ammonia by the simple chemical co-precipitation method at room temperature using different SnCl[Formula: see text]H2O molar concentration of 0.3[Formula: see text]M, 0.4[Formula: see text]M and 0.5[Formula: see text]M. The structural properties of the prepared SnO2 and transition metal doped SnO2 nanoparticles has been studied using X-ray diffraction method and scanning electron microscope. The composition of the powders has been analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The XRD pattern of the SnO2 nanoparticles indicates the formation of single-phase rutile tetragonal structure. The grain size is found to be in the range of 3–7[Formula: see text]nm and is found to increase with increasing SnCl2 molar concentration. The absorption spectra revealed that the bandgap decreased from 3.74[Formula: see text]eV to 3.59[Formula: see text]eV with increasing SnCl2 molar concentration. The photoluminescence spectra of SnO2 nanoparticles showed a visible broad luminescence band in the region of 385–430[Formula: see text]nm. The magnetic studies have been carried out using the hysteresis loop obtained from a vibrating sample magnetometer. The SnO2 samples using 0.3 and 0.4 SnCl2 molar concentration exhibited ferromagnetic behavior whereas the SnO2 sample prepared using 0.5[Formula: see text]M SnCl[Formula: see text]H2O exhibited paramagnetic nature.

Generating power through the wind mills is very common and essential now-a-days. In wind mills, designing a proper Condition Monitoring System is a difficult task. The main objective of this paper is a) to monitor the parameters like generator current, temperature, voltage, vibration, turbine speed in wind mills b) to detect fault in the temperature sensor and in the storage unit c) to control the parameters such as speed, temperature, current through LabVIEW. Basically, signal parameters will be detected by sensor units and conditioned with the help of Signal Conditioning Unit (SCU). Generally most of the signals will be analogies, and so it"s not convenient to process it further to the PIC Microcontroller. In order to do that, an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) to be used for digital conversion and the PIC microcontroller has In-Built with ADC. Then, the controller will process those data and sends the appropriate output signal to Personal Computer (PC). Thus the information such as the temperature sensor fault, battery/storage unit fault, fault current etc is received and stored in the PC. The controller is interfaced to the PC through LabVIEW using Ethernet. The measured parameters is displayed through LabVIEW and based upon the data, the faults are rectified. The sequential monitoring of the data is possible through the LabVIEW and any variations that have to be made to maintain the stability of the control system is done with the help of Ethernet at any time. The Ethernet is the advanced communication link that enables us the faster transmission. This paper prevents the replacement of the Microcontroller every time an error occurs as done before and also reduces the total number of Microcontrollers used.