The article is devoted to the study of a new locality (Sparassis crispa) in the territory of the Slovak-Ovrutsky Range. The mushroom is listed in the Red Book of Ukraine and is under threat of extinction due to the growing interest in it as an object of cooking and medicine. To achieve the goal of the research, the following tasks were set: to describe the phytocenosis within which S. crispa is located and its floral environment, as well as to propose measures for its protection. The location of S. crispa is reforestation at the site of felling. The tree layer is dominated by young individuals of Pinus sylvestris L. (75-90%) with the participation of Betula pendula Roth. (20-50%). Frangula alnus Mill sometimes occurs in the undergrowth. Grass cover is sparse – up to 15%. Here, the mosses Dicranum polysetum, Dicranum scoparium, Polytrichum juniperinum and Pleurozium schreberi prevail. Festuca ovina, Lycopodium clavatum and Melampyrum pratense are occasionally found. According to the results of the synphytoindicative analysis, it was established that the environmental conditions correspond to moderately rich forests of Polissia, which belong to the Dicrano-Pinion union. The perennial wetting regime is slightly higher than the average values for the Dicrano-Pinetum association and approaches the Molinio-Pinetum association. Indicators of natural dynamics (ST=12.72 points) correspond to the transition from derived to young native forests. The level of anthropogenic transformation (HE=5.29 points) corresponds to natural oligohemerobic forests. So, despite the felling that was carried out here several years ago, the mushroom is still placed in conditions that are not subject to constant anthropogenic pressure. The phytocenosis in which Sparassis crispa is placed is the Dicrano-Pinetum association, Vaccinio-Piceetea class, Pinetalia sylvestris order, Dicrano-Pinion union. Since the "Prybytocky" hydrological reserve of local importance is being planned next to the location of the Sparassis crispa mushroom, it is expedient to include this territory in the projected PZF object.
Purpose. To improve the existing classification of residential landscapes and its basis for analyzing the structure of modern urban landscape and technical systems in the river valleys of the Right Bank of Ukraine. Methods. This study is based on the study of anthropogenic landscapes, concepts of geotechnical systems, as well as on the materials of their own field observations, which were carried out during 2008-2021 in the river valleys of the Right Bank of Ukraine. The main research methods used were: landscape photography, mapping, synthesis, comparison and generalization. Results. Based on previous experience and own field observations, the existing classification of residential landscapes has been improved. It is determined that urban landscape and technical systems, which are concentrated in valley-river landscapes, have a number of specific features: the size of urban landscape and technical systems is directly proportional to the parameters of the river valley within which they were formed; radical restructuring of all geocomponents and natural types of areas; formation of a recreational center in the bottom of the river valley after the formation of the city landscape and technical system; dominance of covered areas; constant introduction of new engineering and technical structures into the structure of the city landscape and technical system; vertical differentiation of the urban landscape and technical system and «suppression» of the manifestation of the zonal factor in the urban landscape and technical system. A number of engineering and technical supertypes of urban landscape and technical systems (low-rise, multi-storey, industrial and residential, garden and park, water management, recreational) have been identified. The main criteria for their selection were the degree of «closed» soils with man-made cover, projective vegetation (landscaping) and multi-storey buildings. The peculiarities of the structure of each engineering supertype of urban landscape technical systems are characterized. Conclusions. The formation of large-scale urban landscape and technical systems in the river valleys of the Right Bank of Ukraine hinders natural migration and distribution of biological species, which does not allow the ecological network to fully perform its functions. In further urban planning and urban planning, residential areas that are at the lowest hypsometric level in the river valley should be «unloaded» from redundant engineering structures. In particular, this applies to channel, floodplain, pond-floodplain and floodplain-reservoir types of areas. Increasing the area of restored valley and river landscapes will allow to implement the Emerald Network project faster and thus contribute to the protection of nature at European level.
Система міст України являє собою сукупність населених пунктів, які пройшли складний історико-політичний шлях становлення на порубіжжі Європи та Азії і сформували унікальне поєднання багатьох культур і етносів. Залежно від особливостей соціально-економічних проблем країн, які займали сучасну територію України в різні вікові періоди, процес формування системиміст нашої держави варто диференціювати на 5 просторово-часових етапів. Основними критеріями виокремлення таких етапів були оборонний, аграрний, ремісничий і торговий чинники.Виявлено, що упродовж найдавнішого етапу урбогенезу (до кінця ХІІ ст.) сформувалися 99 перших міст, найбільше з яких було у північній (41) і західній (25) частинах території сучасної України; під час середньовічного етапу урбогенезу (ХІІІ–ХV ст.ст.) – 218 нових міст, найбільше з якихсконцентровувалися у західному (123), центральному (45) і північному (41) регіонах; протягометапу урбогенезу польсько-литовської доби (ХVІ–ХVII ст.ст.) – 285 нових міст, найбільше з якихбуло у північному (96), східному (79) і центральному (75) регіонах; упродовж етапу урбогенезуНового часу – 408 нових населених пунктів, найбільше з яких зосереджувалися у східному (158),південному (130) та центральному (81) регіонах; під час етапу новітнього урбогенезу (XX – початок ХХІ ст.) – 284 нових населених пункти, найбільше з яких сконцентровувалися у східному(155) і південному (55) регіонах. Зроблено висновок про те, що за період більше ніж 2 тис. роківмістотворчого процесу структура мережі міст змінювалася кілька разів, відповідно до тогочаснихпотреб населення та економічних особливостей. Кожна новоутворена мережа міст, базуючисьна попередній, примножувала кількість поселень, оскільки старі міста вже не відповідали новимфакторам та втрачали своє значення у структурі поселень. Зазвичай на кожному етапі урбогенезуУкраїни формувалася певна група міст, яка є виразниками принципів урбанізації свого часу.
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