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Today's relays are predominantly based on phasors, and as such, they incur a delay associated with the fullcycle observation window required for accurate phasor estimation. Considerable improvement in speed is possible by using information in the transients of voltages and currents. We review a number of protection techniques, including directional elements, direct tripping underreaching elements, and differential elements that significantly speed up line protection. 978-1-4799-8722-1/15/$31.00

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This paper reviews the past and present uses of relay models. It discusses the various types of models, what information is required to build such models and the model validation process. Examples of present and possible future use of software models are given.