A field-based study was performed to broaden our knowledge of operational efficiency losses associated with the neglect of the proper maintenance of the delimbing and feeding mechanisms of a harvester. The post-harvest assessments of industrial round-wood (IRW) processing damage, fuel consumption and productivity were examined in clearcutting operations. Observations were made of seven combinations of wear levels of feed rollers (A-heavy, B-medium, C and C'-without wear) and sharpening states of delimbing knives (1-incorrect, 2-correct), depending on the degree of feed roller wear and matching of angles of knife blades to the technical requirements. The processing defects of IRW were broken down into unprocessed branches, bark stripping, and damage caused by feed roller spikes. The results were then compared with the effective quality requirements, and the IRW losses in terms of the reject rates (RR) were determined in the context of the technical condition. The most frequent damage was by unprocessed branches. The harvester with correctly sharpened knives produced the minimum RR (4% of pine, 6% of spruce and 6% birch logs). The quality of IRW harvested under B1 and C1 resulted in 6%, 6% and 8%. A1 turned out to be the lowest (12%, 10% and 8%). Improvement in the maintenance of delimbing knives can reduce the RR of IRW by 5%. Timely restoration of worn-out rollers can increase productivity by 2% and reduce fuel consumption by 5%.
In northern forests, winter is the preferred time for logging operations, since, when wet soils freeze, their strength increases, which ensures a high load-bearing capacity of winter forest roads and reduces the cost of forestry work by increasing the load on forestry equipment, including when driving through frozen lowlands. The present article analyzes frozen loamy–sandy soil, which, at subzero temperatures, behaves like a brittle material with a sufficiently high, but limited, strength. Well-known models commonly use empirical parameters, correlations, and numerical methods to estimate the strength of such materials. An analytical model of the full load–displacement curve would reduce the number of necessary calculations and increase the ability to predict the bearing capacity of winter forest roads. However, there are few of these models. Such models were developed, as a rule, to study stress–strain in concrete and rocks, meaning that researchers have to recalculate the load into stress and displacement into deformation, which is not always simple. This work aimed at theoretically justifying a new analytical model for quantifying the bearing capacity of winter forest roads and assessing the adequacy of the model by comparing it with experimental data. To achieve this purpose, the concepts of fracture mechanics and methods of mathematical modeling were used. The model was verified using experimental data, and model examples for determining the peak load were provided. Prospects for development of the research topic were also considered, taking into account new developments in forest road monitoring for logging management.
Over 30 years of cut-to-length harvesting machines experience have demonstrated their effectiveness to logging companies in the countries of the boreal forest zone; i.e. better labour conditions in terms of ergonomics and safety, and less environmental damage and reliability in combination with convenient operation and maintenance. The introduction of fully mechanized cut-to-length technology in Russia shows a number of challenges that reduces cut-to-length effectiveness. These include a lower productivity of harvester-forwarder chains and higher roundwood losses in comparison with the Nordic countries due to a number of objective and subjective reasons (service, training, forest management, motivation, etc). Wood harvesting machinery has developted in the Nordic countries in recent years. The major changes were in integrating the harvesting of logging residues and stumps into the traditional system. Future prospects of cut-to-length technology require the development of forest logistics and forest bioenergy, and better environmental compatibility of wheeled vehicles with forest loam and clay soils.
В рамках поставленного опыта выявлено, величина уплотнения зависела от числа проходов, наличия хворостяной подушки, использования гусениц и влажности почвы. В сравнении с вариантами, где использовался форвардер, не оборудованный гусеницами и не было хворостяной подушки, в случае применения гусениц уплотнение влажных и мокрых почво-грунтов происходило более равномерно. Корни, присутствующие в лесной почве, помогают формированию зоны уплотнения под звеном гусеницы, которое происходит в ходе первых проходов. С увеличением числа проходов, зона уплотнения углубляется и частично разрушается с боковым выдавливанием грунта. Затем происходит небольшое увеличение плотности, что связано с формированием вторичных зон уплотнения. Результаты применения хворостяной подушки показали, что слой лесосечных отходов снижает влияние от первого и последующих проходов форвардера. Плотность почво-грунта при этом значительно не изменялась. Увеличение плотности почво-грунта составило около 10% по сравнению с плотностью почво-грунта, покрытого слоем лесосечных отходов. Также в рамках проведенного исследования было отмечено, что эффект от устройства хворостяной подушки практически одинаков как для колесного, так и для гибридного движителя. В отношении колееобразования сортиментный метод не отвечает экологическим требованиям для рубок прореживания (глубина колеи должна быть меньше 0,15 м). Кроме того, на мокрых почвах глубина колеи достигла величины дорожного просвета форвардера (0,67 м). Результаты применения гусениц показали, что глубина колеи не отвечает экологическим требованиям для рубок прореживания, особенно на мокрых почвах, однако ее значение оставалось меньше величины дорожного просвета форвардера. При использовании хворостяной подушки глубина колеи изменялась незначительно. Mechanised CTL harvesting in thinning, clear felling, and extraction are potentially damaging harvesting sites, as operations are conducted under all weather conditions involving predominantly heavy machinery. Extreme machine sinkage has a direct influence on productivity, fuel consumption, and the cost of harvesting operations, leads to site disturbance and soil damage. This is especially true in areas with soft soils in spring and autumn, where options are used to improve the operational capability of the existing CTL system, such as "bogie tracks" and "slash reinforcement". Regarding soil compaction, the CTL system met the ecological requirements for its use on common forest soils in northwest Russia within the bounds of this experimental design. However, an * В статье представлены результаты исследования, опубликованного ранее в отчете по международному проекту «Лесозаготовки и логистика» [1].
Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются особенности лесозаготовительного производства как логистической системы. Определяются задачи, решаемые на различных уровнях управления лесозаготовительным производством, варианты организации соответствующего материального потока, формулируются требования к методам осуществления логистического управления. К ЛЗП, как микро и микро-логистическим системам, относятся все общие логистические подходы. Однако они обладают также и целым рядом существенных особенностей, которые требуют корректировки стандартного подхода. Эти особенности в основном связаны с характером входящего в логистическую систему материального потока (лесные ресурсы на корню), а также с пространственным размещением самого производства.Ключевые слова: логистика, лесозаготовки, лесозаготовительные предприятия, управление материальным потоком
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