The paper focuses on the functioning peculiarities of official business style texts and the techniques of their translation. The authors emphasize that translating the official business style texts it is essential to hold a precise and concise style of expression. Observing strict linguistic standards in official business style of the target language allows the translator to solve complicated problems of business communication. Researches on the peculiarities of the official business style texts translation enables a statement on notorious difficulty of this style, translating of which requires particular attention, much learning, erudition, and large background knowledge. The clarity of information in a translated official document, unambiguity of its content depends on the quality of its translation. It is made clear that one of the major translator's problems in translating documentation and its terminological units is the polysemy in the official business discourse. The extremely important task for the translator, therefore, is to find the corresponding equivalents in the target (in this case Ukrainian) language. The authors state that the official business texts presuppose a standardisation of linguistic means (idioms, cliché, complex cliché constructions), using which one may achieve the syntactic and semantic formalisation of the text. The authors state that translating is a complex process in which it is very important that the translator's skills must be completed with the lingo-cultural knowledge, taking into consideration the interrelation of contacting cultures. It is emphasised that phraseological units, used in the official business texts, are mostly neutral. The authors note that translating of the official business documents, related to the enterprise commercial activity, it is essential to guarantee the correct use of semantic equivalents of the terms, the context translation, and interpretation of diverse abbreviations and acronyms. Creating and functioning of abbreviations and acronyms help using the language in a more economical, comprehensive and informative way, and making the content clearer in general. Business style overall is characterised by increasing standardisation and unification of the language, usage of idioms, clichés, and idiomatic constructions.
Стаття аналізує відносини філософії та здорового глузду. З’ясовано, що філософія постає як аналітика цілісної реальності суб’єктивного досвіду. Виявлено суперечність між принципами буденного мислення та принципами філософського мислення, що має характер антиномії. Встановлено, що для розмежування з буденним мисленням філософії знадобилося переосмислити розуміння мудрості. З’ясовано, що філософія постає як відчуження від здорового глузду. З’ясовано, що підставою здорового глузду є емоційність, з її зверненням до ематії. З’ясовано, що автентична філософія орієнтується на мислення, поєднане з намаганням перевірити дані власного досвіду. Стверджується, що першим завданням філософського мислення є подолання сугестії здорового глузду, що уможливлює самостійну аналітику досвіду суб’єкта. Здійснено опис принципів здорового глузду, з одного боку, та філософії, з іншого. З’ясовано, що здоровий глузд обмежується чуттєвою сферою, у той час як філософія вивищується над нею, здійснюючи раціональний аналіз переживання. Проаналізовано стосунок автентичної філософії до таких історичних феноменів, як філософська пайдейя, політичне та соціальне конструювання, схоластика. Розглянута інтерпретація філософії як науки, скерованої до отримання кінцевого «корисного результату». Стверджується, що зведення філософії до ролі служниці стало результатом відчуження від автентичного філософування.
The article analyzes politeness as a complex system of communication strategies aimed at achieving harmonious, effective and conflict-free communication, which is a regulator of communicative behavior of interactants. These strategies determine the choice of means of verbal and nonverbal communication. As a result of clearly defined methods and techniques of object cognition in terms of the theory of linguistic communication and pragmalinguistics, an attempt to describe politeness as a linguistic category based on the structure of the communicative act is made. Attention to the scientific research, which serves as a conceptual basis for a comprehensive, thorough study of the linguistic manifestation of courtesy and features of implementation of its strategies, is paid. It is proved that the use of verbal means of expressing politeness is determined by the pragmatic parameters: who speaks, to whom, for what purpose, how, under what conditions and with what effect. Therefore, the characteristics of communicators, their intentions, verbalization of communicative strategies and tactics, scope and perlocutionary effect are relevant for the analysis of language indicators functioning. Taking into account the communicative and situational aspects, the grammatical indicators of courtesy, which are based on the strategies of positive and negative politeness: morphological category of vocative and dative cases, category of personality, interstitial category of person, morphological verb categories of tense, method and type and syntactical categories of predicative denial and questioning, are distinguished. It is stated that politeness as a language category is characterized by national and cultural specificity, which is implemented not only by the formulas of language etiquette, but by strategies and tactics of influence, their verbalization, which exist in a particular communicative culture and which regulate interaction. It is emphasized that all verbal and non-verbal language units are aimed at achieving effective communication. The article describes of a successful communicative process management with the help of language indicators of the category of politeness, which characterizes it as a pragmatic strategy, aimed at influencing the intellectual, volition and emotional spheres of the addressee.
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