It is well known with an increase of milk productivity of cows their reproductive capacity in general became worse. Therefore, it is important to establish optimal parameters of the first age insemination and first calving, duration of service- and inter-calving periods. In view of the above, the purpose of our researches was to study the influence of reproductive capacity parameters of Simmental cows on the formation of milk productivity. The study were conducted on 331 cows in agricultural LLC «Litynskyy» Drohobych raion, Lviv oblast. Evaluation of milk productivity and reproductive capacity of the animals (in 20 years) were performed according to the data of zootechnical accounting for the first, second, third and the best lactations. The differences in rates of milk productivity depending on the parameters of their reproductive capacity were established. Animals with age of first fruitful insemination 18.1–20.0, with first calving age – 27.1–29.0, duration of service period – 101–120 and duration of the inter-calving period – 381–400 days had the best yields and the highest quantity of milk fat. According to the above mentioned indicators of milk productivity they are likely dominated by animals with bigger or smaller indicators of reproductive capacity, but in most cases, this advantage was unreliable. It was found positive highly significant links between indicators of reproductive capacity of cows and milk yield. The highest correlation coefficients were observed between age of first calving and their milk yields, depending on lactation, they were 0.380–0.498, lower – between age of first insemination and milk yield – 0.316–0.456 and the lowest – between service- and inter-calving periods and yield – 0.124–0.335; 0.127–0.331 respectively. The impact of the abovementioned indicators on yield was within 23.13–39.88; 28.63–45.02; 30.98–35.17%, respectively.

Linear farm animal breeding is an effective method of improving and consolidating breeds in purebred breeding, which contributes to forming an orderly genealogical structure of the breed. Further improvement and consolidation of economically valuable traits of breeds based on selection and selection are impossible without Linear breeding. Therefore, our work aimed to investigate the variability of breeding traits in cows of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed depending on the lineage. The research was conducted in the Vinnytsia region's State Enterprise “Alexandrovske” on firstborn and adult (III lactation) cows. Groups of animals belonging to different lines were formed to study the influence of linear affiliation on the variability of breeding traits of cows. Lines to which at least three breeding bulls belonged and with at least ten daughters were taken into account, with at least three daughters from one bull. In the control group of cows by retrospective analysis of zootechnical accounting data over the past ten years studying the dynamics of live weight during rearing at a young age (newborns, 6, 12, and 18 months), reproductive capacity (age and live weight at first calving, duration of first service period), milk productivity (yields, fat content in milk and the amount of milk fat). It was found that the economically functional traits of cows depended on their linear affiliation. The highest live weight of newborns and at the age of 18 months, the average daily gain at the age of 6–12; 12–18, and 0–18 months, the most extended service period after the first calving, and the highest milk yields and milk fat yield for the third lactation were characterized by animals of Eleveishn 1491007, live weight at six months – H. T. S. Khaneve line 1629391, at 12 months – Starbuck line 352790, average daily increments from birth to 6 months of age – line H. T. S. Khaneve 1629391. The last one was also marked by the highest live weight, the oldest age at first calving, and the shortest duration of the first service period. The lowest live weight and the youngest age at the first calving and the highest yields and milk fat yield for the first lactation were observed in the firstborn of the Chif 1427381 line. Depending on lactation, the strength of the line's influence on yields was in the range of 7.2–12.6 %, fat – in the range of 7.9–12.0 % at P < 0.01–0.001. Linear affiliation significantly (P < 0.01) affected the fat content in milk during the first lactation, and for the third lactation, the effect was incredible.

Honey bees are essential insects due to their ecological and economic value, as they are used not only to obtain valuable products (honey, pollen, Perga, etc.) but also to pollinate plants and increase yields. The Carpathian breed occupies a prominent place in the diversity of bees’ further intensification, which depends on the efficiency of selection and breeding work on improvement of existent and creation of new types and lines between which genetic material can be exchanged. New breeding populations must be comprehensively evaluated for economically valuable traits, including the exterior, and the best ones must be identified. Given the stated, the purpose of our research was to study the external features and morphometric parameters of the wings of bees of different breeding crosses of the Carpathian breed. Studies have been conducted on bees of various genealogical formations of the Carpathian breeds in private apiaries in the Navariya village, Lviv region. 6 groups of 10 bee colonies in each were formed to conduct experimental studies: I – the control group – local bees of the Carpathian population (type “Vuchkivskyi”); ІІ – the experimental group – inbred group ♀ micro population “915” x ♂ micro population “915”; III – the experimental group – selection cross ♀ line “Sto” x ♂ micro population “915”; IV – the experimental group – selection cross ♀ Vuchkivskyix ♂ micro population “915”; V – research group – selection cross ♀ line “Troisek 07” x ♂ micro population “915”; VI – research group – breeding cross ♀ micro population G. Macha x ♂ micro population “915”. It is established that bees of different selection crosses of the Carpathian breed significantly differed in exterior features and morphometric parameters of wings, while the difference between the studied features ranged from insignificantly unreliable to significant reliable data. The fifth group was characterized by the most extended proboscis (6.72 mm) and the highest value of the cubital index (2.75 %), and – the sixth group by the most extensive length of the front wing (9.38 mm). The bees of the third group were characterized by the highest value of front wing width (3.33 mm), wax mirror length (1.43 mm), a sum of lengths of third and fourth tergites (4.54 mm), and dumbbell index (1.11 %), and the fourth group – by the most significant number of hooks on the rear wing (21.80 pcs.), the highest value of the tarsal index (53.51 %) and discoidal displacement (4.79 %). The insects of the first and the third group were characterized by the largest width of the wax mirror (2.26 mm). However, it is worth noting that all the studied features of the exterior of bees and morphometric parameters of the wings were within the standard of the Carpathian bees breed.

When breeding dairy cattle, productivity is of the greatest economic and economic importance. A sufficient number of highly productive animals and their effective use in herds reveals the breed's potential, contributes to increasing the genetic potential of cows and the effectiveness of selection and breeding work as a whole. At the same time, it should be noted that according to many scientists, fathers of cows have the most significant influence on the formation of signs of milk productivity. In dairy cattle breeding, about 90 % of the genetic progress of the population is provided by bulls. However, the research of different farms shows that bulls do not have the same effect on the productivity of their daughters. Therefore, it must be taken into account when planning work on improving the productive qualities of dairy cattle. In view of the above, the goal of our research was to find out the influence of bulls on the formation of milk productivity of daughters in different farms. The research was carried out in farms located in different climatic zones of Ukraine, namely: in the SE EF “Olexandrivske” in Vinnytsia region (Forest Steppe zone, n = 714), LLC AE “Imeni Volovikova” in Rivne region (Polyssia zone, n = 1840) and SE “Experimental farm “Askaniyske” (Steppe zone, n = 926) on first-calf heifers and adult cows (III lactation) of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. It was established that during the first lactation, the highest milk yield and milk fat output in the SE Oleksandrivske were characterized by the daughters of the bull Dzhorin (6936 and 248.9 kg), during the third – the daughters of the bull Detektiv (8148 and 295.2 kg), and the most fat-milk the above lactations were, respectively, daughters of Zhames (3.68 %) and S. Aristotl (3.63 %). In LLC AE “Imeni of Volovikova” the daughters of the bull R. Baltimor (7509 and 7486 kg and 267.8 and 281.9 kg, respectively) had the highest milk yield and milk fat output for the two studied lactations, daughters of Derbi (3.74 %) for the first lactation had the best indicators of fat content in the milk, for the third – daughters of Tirs (3.64 %). In the SE "Experimental Farming “Askaniyske” first-calf heifers – daughters of N. Bolt were the most productive (7348 kg), in terms of milk fat output - daughters of Surguch (292.2 kg), and in terms of milk fat – daughters of Latur (4.31 %). The highest productivity during the third lactation was observed in the daughters of the bull Akord (8,329 kg of milk fat, 320.8 kg of milk fat), and the highest milk fat content was observed in the daughters of Polarshtern (4.37 %). The influence of bulls on the fertility of cows in controlled farms was in the range of 14.9–46.2 %, on the fat content in milk - in the range of 7.4–20.2 %.

Обґрунтований підхід для вирішення селекційних завдань можливий лише на основі чіткої уяви щодо закономірностей формування, прояву та передачі з покоління в покоління селекційних ознак тварин. Одним із важливих селекційних прийомів у скотарстві є визначення генетичної подібності за продуктивними ознаками корів-матерів, матерів бугаїв та їх потомків. Дослідження проведені у господарствах, що знаходяться у різних кліматичних зонах України, а саме: у ДП ДГ «Олександрівське» Вінницької області (зона Лісостепу, n=714), ТОВ СГП «Імені Воловікова» Рівненської (зона Полісся, n=1840) та ДП «Дослідне господарство «Асканійське» (зона Степу, n=926) на первістках та повновікових коровах (ІІІ лактація) української чорно-рябої молочної породи. З’ясовано вплив надою жіночих предків за вищу лактацію на ознаки молочної продуктивності потомків за першу та третю лактації. Встановлено, що у підконтрольних стадах найбільш продуктивними виявилися корови, надій матерів, яких за вищу лактацію сягав понад 8000 кг, а надій матерів батьків у ДП ДГ «Олександрівське» становив 15000 кг і більше, у ТОВ СГП «Імені Воловікова» – 14000–14999 кг та у ДП «Дослідне господарство «Асканійське» – 9000–9999 кг. Між надоєм матерів та їх дочок у підконтрольних господарствах спостерігався досить суттєвий прямолінійний і вірогідний (Р<0,001) зв’язок (0,237–0,293), а між надоєм матерів та жирномолочністю дочок цей зв’язок був оберненим, проте достовірним (Р<0,001) (-0,154 – -0,201). Між жирномолочністю матерів та надоєм і жирномолочністю дочок співвідносна мінливість була різноспрямованою і несуттєвою. Коефіцієнт успадковуваності надою, залежно від господарства, коливався від 0,47 до 0,59, виходу молочного жиру – від 0,30 до 0,55, а вмісту жиру в молоці – від некоректного (від’ємного) у тварин із зони Степу (-0,27) до 0,18 та 0,06 – у особин із зони Полісся та Лісостепу відповідно. Сила впливу надою матерів на надій та вміст жиру в молоці дочок, залежно від ознаки та господарства, коливалася від 2,1 до 6,9, а надою матерів батьків на зазначені ознаки потомків – від 2,0 до 6,6%.