Burns, as a stress factor, cause circulatory and microcirculation disorders in the organs. In the scientific literature, the issues of structural reorganization of the vascular bed of the adrenal glands in thermal trauma and under conditions of correction by lyophilized xenoskin are insufficiently covered and therefore require further study. The aim of our study was to study the microscopic changes of the vessels of the adrenal glands in the dynamics after experimental thermal trauma and under conditions of correction. The experiment was performed on adult white male rats. Grade III burn (18-20 % of the skin surface) was applied under thiopental-sodium anesthesia with copper plates heated in water to a temperature of 97-1000C, on the epilated surface of the skin of the back for 10 seconds. One day after the thermal injury, an early necrectomy was performed and the wound was covered with a substrate of lyophilized xenoskin. Animal decapitation and microscopic changes were studied at days 7, 14, and 21 of injury modeling. The manufacture of histopreparations was carried out according to conventional methods. Histological examinations after experimental thermal trauma and correction of xenoskin substrate on the 7th day showed that already in this period of the experiment there were less pronounced destructive changes in the structure of the vessels of the adrenal glands. Some blood vessels were unevenly filled and dilated. The hemocapillaries of the microcirculatory tract are blood-filled, the vessel wall is destructively altered, and perivascular edema is present. On the 14th day of the experiment, moderately blood vessels were observed. The wall of large vessels is slightly swollen, partially thickened, hemocapillaries are moderately blood-filled, with dilated lumens and continuous endothelial lining. Under the conditions of application of the substrate of lyophilized xenoskin on the 21st day of the experiment, the structural organization of the vascular bed of the adrenal glands was significantly better compared to the previous terms of the study. Most vessels had evenly dilated lumens and moderate blood supply, and wall edema was insignificant. The walls of microvessels are preserved, well structured, endotheliocytes without severe damage, without signs of infiltration and edema. Thus, the results of microscopic examination showed that early necrectomy, and subsequent closure of the wound with a substrate of lyophilized xenoskin, creates optimal conditions for regenerative processes in both burns and vascular bed of the adrenal glands. On the 7th day after the burn and under conditions of correction, the study of the vascular bed of the adrenal glands showed a moderate degree of destructive changes in the vascular bed of the adrenal glands and the initial signs of their regeneration. In the late terms (14-21 days) of the experiment the relative normalization of cellular parenchymal components of the organ was established against the background of restoration of the structural organization of the microcirculatory tract.

The adrenal glands are the subject of many researches in biology and medicine. They have unique histoarchitectonics of the parenchyma and structure of the bloodstream. They also perform a number of important functions necessary for the normal vital activity of the body under stress. A large number of scientific papers are devoted to the study of changes in the structural organization of this organ at the micro-and submicroscopic levels under the influence of various external and internal factors. Morphofunctional changes in the gland after experimental thermal burns of the skin remain poorly understood, which requires further experimental studies in this area.The purpose of this study was to review the scientific literature on the effects of factors of different origins on the morphofunctional structure of the adrenal glands.The article analyzes scientific publications devoted to the study of the effects on the adrenal morphology of stress factors, heavy metals, drugs and toxic substances, alcohol, 355 smoking, starvation, hypergravity, physical exercises, hypothermia, poisoning, dehydration, drugs, diabetes, and viral infections. It was found that the factors we mentioned cause the reorganization of the structural components of the adrenal glands, violations of their histoarchitectonics, in particular microcirculatory bed, at the micro-and submicroscopic level.In most cases, there were phenomena of pericellular and perivascular edema, focal hemorrhage, connective tissue growth, thickening of the connective tissue capsule of the organ with signs of edema, vacuolation and edema of the cytoplasm, and the appearance of pyknotic nuclei. In the long term that followed after the experiment, the stabilization of morphofunctional elements of the gland and the microcirculatory bed was recorded, but complete restoration of the structural integrity of the organ did not occur.

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Summary. Diabetes mellitus today is one of the most common diseases of humankind. One of the risk factors for heart disease in diabetes is chronic hyperglycemia, which causes cardiovascular disease and myocardial injury. Ultrastructural changes of endocrine cardiomyocytes of a heart in hyperglycemia in the experiment require more detailed study. The aim of the study – to establish submicroscopic changes of atrial myoendocrine cardiomyocytes under the conditions of modeling of experimental hyperglycemia in rats of different age groups. Materials and Methods. The study was performed on 24 outbreeding nonlinear adult male rats. Experimental hyperglycemia was simulated by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (Sigma, USA). Animals were divided into two age groups: of pre-reproductive and reproductive age. For electron microscopic studies, sections 0.4–0.6 μm thick were made on an ultramicrotome, and were studied using an electron microscope PEM-125K. Results. Submicroscopic studies of the right and left atrial appendages (auricles of the heart) of the studied groups of animals after one month of experimental persistent hyperglycemia showed changes in the structure of almost all organelles of endocrine cardiomyocytes. Changes in secretory cells of the right and left atrial appendages after two months of experimental persistent hyperglycemia showed an increase in destructive changes in the structural components of cells, which were more pronounced in the group of animals of pre-reproductive age. The diffuse collagenization of the stroma was a typical sign of ultrastructural changes in the atrial appendages after three months of experimental persistent hyperglycemia. Conclusions. At experimental steady hyperglycemia at animals of different age groups stereotypical ultrastructural reorganization of secretory cardiomyocytes of right and left atrial appendages with development of compensatory-adaptive and destructive changes is noted. In the dynamics of the experiment there is an increase in destructive phenomena, the severity of which is higher in the group of rats of pre-reproductive age.