Manufacturers throughout the world are facing major new challenges, including shorter product life cycles and increasing competition. As companies strive to rationalize engineering design, manufacturing, and support processes and to produce a large variety of products at lower costs, modularity is becoming a focus. This paper reviews the methodologies for determining modular manufacturing systems while considering cost and performance. The manufacturing concept, termed modular production systems and modular manufacturing systems are aimed specifically at "hard" low to medium technology products, as typified by goods such as children's toys and kitchen appliances. It was proposed to increase the flexibility of the manufacturing operation in terms of its range of function, product, and service by modularizations and its ability to be easily reconfigured in the face of changing conditions.

Co-Cr-Mo alloy samples, fabricated using Laser Engineered Net Shaping-a laser-based additive manufacturing technology, have been subjected to heat treatment to study its influence on microstructure, wear, and corrosion properties. Following L9 Orthogonal array of Taguchi method, the samples were solutionized at 1200°C for 30, 45, and 60 min followed by water quenching. Aging treatment was done at 815 and 830°C for 2, 4, and 6 h. Heat treated samples were evaluated for their microstructure, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. The results revealed that highest hardness of 512 ± 58 Hv and wear rate of 0.90 ± 0.14 × 10 −4 mm 3 /N•m can be achieved with appropriate post-fabrication heat treatment. Analysis of variance and gray relational analysis on the experimental data revealed that the samples subjected to solution treatment for 60 min, without aging, exhibit best combination of hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance.

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Hydrological modelling of large river catchments has become a challenging task for water resources engineers due to its complexity in collecting and handling of both spatial and non-spatial data such as rainfall, gauge-discharge data, and topographic and hydraulic parameters. In this article, a flood forecast model is developed for the Godavari Basin, India through a distributed modelling approach using space inputs. The approach includes rainfall runoff modelling, hydrodynamic flow routing, calibration, and validation of the model with field discharge data. The study basin is divided into 128 subbasins to improve the model accuracy. Topographic and hydraulic parameters of each subbasin and channel are computed using the land use / land cover grid that is derived from the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-P6) AWiFS sensor data (56 m resolution), Shuttled Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and the soil textural grid. The model is calibrated using the field hydrometeorological data of 2000 and validated with the data of 2001. The model was tested during the 2010 floods with real-time 3-hour interval hydrometeorological and daily evapotranspiration data. Accuracy in estimating the peak flood discharge and lag time was found to be very good. Flood forecast lead time is increased by 12 hours compared to conventional methods of forecasting.