No abstract

Since its inception, the market for infrared (IR) thermal imaging equipment has grown, primarily, due to its military applications. Today, the military sector still provides some growth for the market, but its development paradigm has changed. Now the main growth in the market is provided by the sectors of civil and medical thermography, security and fire surveillance, personal night vision systems and local security niches (municipal, private, etc.). The devices using thermal imagers make it possible to detect in conditions of poor visibility, to detect people with high temperature in the crowd. In the last decade, a number of new directions and trends have been outlined in infrared photoelectronics. They are associated with increasing the resolution of systems, improving methods for recording ultra-weak optical signals, creating high-speed and multispectral systems, forming infrared 3D images According to forecast of Maxtech International (USA) and today's estimates of the authors, the market for infrared systems (civil and military) amounted to 10.5 billion dollars in 2017, and could reach 20 billion dollars by 2025. Due to the pandemic, we have restated the Maxtech International's forecasts upwardly for the medium term.

Analysis of current GaAs and related device market initiated in a number of earlier works has been continued. Binary semiconductor GaAs compound is a conventional MW electronics material. Until recently GaAs based HF ICs for mobile phones were among the most rapidly growing segments of GaAs market. However the GaAs market development trend is changing. Photonics and Terahertz engineering are becoming the new world GaAs market drivers. This means that the current emphasize of GaAs single crystal technologies will shift toward vertical directional crystallization of “optoelectronic quality” crystals. In the medium and longer terms the world GaAs wafer and epitaxial structure markets will continue growing. In the shorter term we all will have to take into account COVID epidemic consequences. Still the GaAs market is closely related to Smartphone market novelties. Quite probably after a long growth period the GaAs market will keep on shrinking for the second consecutive year: GaAs production may decline by 11–12% in 2020. Assuming that the epidemic will be somehow taken under control in 2021 the overall Smartphone production can probably be expected to grow starting from 2021. Currently the Russian market of semiconductor compounds for photonics and electronic components (GaAs etc.) is but moderate and in predictable terms is not expected to achieve a level that is required for the emergence of a competitive domestic manufacturer, even though all importation replacement programs are accomplished. Meanwhile there is understanding that developing an advanced electronic components industry in Russia requires larger production of source materials.

The paper discusses the problems associated with the development of technology for terahertz radiation detectors. The main physical phenomena and recent progress in various methods of detecting terahertz radiation (direct detection and heterodyne detection) are considered. Advantages and disadvantages of direct detection sensors and sensors with heterodyne detection are discussed. In part 1, a number of features of direct detection are considered and some types of terahertz direct detection detectors are described. Part 2 will describe heterodyne detection and continue to describe some types of modern photonic terahertz receivers.

В статье рассмотрен процесс развития технологии роста монокристаллов германия методом Чохральского, который позволил использовать свой­ства германия для применения в ИК-оптике и в детектирование гамма-­излучения. Ожидается, что германий может вновь вернуться в оптоэлектронику: последние разработки выращивания бездислокационных кристаллов показали, что германий является перспективным материалом для наноразмерных электронных устройств следующего поколения и интеграции оптических функций на логических схемах.