Eustrongylides spp. are nematodes from the Dioctophymatidae family, potentially dangerous for the health of mammals. The aim of this review is to describe the distribution of the Eustrongylides spp. nematode. Eustrongylidosis is a parasitic disease which is common in countries with a continental, tropical or subtropical climate. Eustrongylides are biohelminths with a complicated development cycle. The nematode development takes place in the aquatic environment and includes a wide range of intermediate, definitive, and accidental hosts. The purpose of this review is describe the distribution of Eustrongylides spp. nematodes in the global regions, describe the prevalence of infection in those regions, and identify intermediate, definitive, and accidental hosts. It was found that Eustrongylides spp. nematrodes are significantly widespread around the world. In part in North America the agent of eustrongylidosis is registered mostly among birds and fishes, but cases of humans being affected with the disease are noted as well. In South America the given disease was also registered among amphibians and reptiles. In Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and countries of the Far East, the disease is registered mostly in fishes, rarely – in birds. The taxonomic identification showed that some nematode species were related to certain geographic areas. For example, Eustrongylides ignotus and Eu. tubifex were mostly registered in North America, while for Europe (including Ukraine), Near and Middle East, Eu. еxcisus is a dominant species. Analysis of scientific sources showed that continents with warmer climatic conditions (South America, Asia, etc.) are characterized with a wider range of fishes, birds and reptiles which can potentially serve as hosts for the Eustrongylides nematodes.

No abstract

The behavior of farm animals, especially ca le, is an important economic and useful feature, which significantly facilitates the opera ng condi ons and produc on of livestock products. The parameters of the nervous system in ca le determine its behavior in various situa ons, including keeping in the pen, herding, and milking. The op mal content of minerals in the body leads to the normal course of metabolic processes and high produc vity. Based on the results of studying the condi oned reflex ac vity, four experimental groups were formed. Whole blood, serum, and blood cells were used for laboratory analysis. Based on the results of the analysis of variance of the lithium content in different blood frac ons of cows, no reliable interac on between the typological features of the nervous system and the season has been established. The mobility of nervous processes, regardless of the season, is reliably associated with the lithium content in whole blood, blood cells, and blood serum (r = 0.15-0.22). Along with this, the parameter of the lithium transmembrane poten al (Licell/Liserum) is reliably associated mainly with the strength and balance of nervous processes in cows in the warm season -r = 0.

No abstract

Cows, young cattle and calves of black-and-bark breeds, spontaneously affected by the causative agent Cryptosporidium parvum, were selected for the research. Blood for research was taken from calves in the morning before feeding from the jugular vein. Biochemical parameters of blood serum were determined using a biochemical analyzer of the closed type. Changes in the activity of serum enzymes in the initial stages of the disease are not specific, they indicate a compensatory reaction of liver cells and biliary tract. Effect of Cryptosporidium in calves body accompanied by severe disorders that affect the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and enzymes. These changes lead to structural changes in the organs at the cellular level. Serum infested animals significantly reduced total protein content of 25.5% (P < 0.001), albumin – by 14.6% (P < 0.01), the concentration of glucose in – 21.2% (P < 0.01), carotene content – 12.6% (P < 0.05), the level of calcium and phosphorus – 17.5 and 18% (P < 0.05), respectively, and increased total bilirubin content by 23% (P < 0.001), indicating significant violations of the protein synthesis and detoxification processes in the liver and the tension in the metabolism of their body. Reduced glucose concentration in blood serum is due to the fact that in the body of sick animals there have been increased costs for maintaining the energy needs of its own organism. In conducting studies for 35 days in animals in the experimental group noted an increase in the concentration of circulating immune complexes by 10.5% relative to control. Increasing the concentration of circulating immune complexes in serum of calves, patients with cryptosporidiosis, indicates the presence of specific interaction antigen-antibody and decrease the activity of the humoral link of the immune system. In the determination of immunosuppressive proteins – serum cords in serum of calves, it was found that at 7, 14 days their concentration was within the physiological limits. Increasing the concentration of circulating immune complexes in serum of calves, patients with cryptosporidiosis, indicates the presence of specific interaction antigen-antibody and decrease the activity of the humoral link of the immune system.