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(2017). Organizational and financial mechanisms for implementation of the projects in the field of increasing the energy efficiency of the regional economy. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 15(3), 453-466. doi:10.21511/ppm.15(3-2 AbstractNowadays budgetary funds still prevail among sources of financing of the projects in the area of increasing the energy efficiency of the regional economy in the Russian Federation. For example, in the Tver region in 2016, 82% of the projects for the modernization of the heat supply infrastructure and 100% for the modernization of the electricity supply infrastructure were implemented at the expense of the budget. At the same time, there is a decrease in the total amount of state financing of energy efficiency projects due to a high proportion of the budget deficit of the subjects of the Russian Federation. According to the agency ACRA (information dated April, 12, 2017 at www. acra-ratings.ru), 58 out of 85 regional budgets for 2017 were accepted with a total deficit of 193 billion rubles. At the same time, the urgency of applying organizational and financial mechanisms for the implementation of energy efficient projects involving alternative financing is growing. The article systematizes the views on the perspective mechanisms for implementing projects in the field of increasing the energy efficiency of the regional economy, including taking into account the analysis of problems of their application in the example of the Tver region. The authors studied existing organizational and financial mechanisms for energy-efficient projects, including public private and municipal private partnerships, and the Local Initiatives Support Program.

Introduction. New needs and opportunities boost demand for development of urban infrastructure in a contemporary society. The emergence of innovative technologies enables infrastructural elements to better meet the requirements of comfort, sustainability, and safety. Cities are getting “smarter”, as they constantly improve the economic, social and environmental efficiency of their utility, power supply, and transport systems. In the meantime, growing private, industrial and service demands for versatile resources set the trend for bigger environmental footprints in big cities. The mission of this research project is to substantiate the need for and to identify methods of reducing environmental footprints in the course of urban infrastructure management. Materials and methods. The subject of this research project is the correlation between management functions and stages of the life cycle of urban infrastructure. Special focus is placed on the analysis of the influence produced by urban power grids, water supply and sewage networks and urban waste treatment on environmental footprints of big cities. A combination of positivistic and phenomenological philosophies is employed for this purpose; their influence manifests itself in the substantiation of findings, arising out of the opinions expressed by Russian and foreign experts, and statistical data. Results. The findings represent sources of negative influence of infrastructural elements on the scale of environmental footprints and environmental safety levels, as well as suggestions concerning stages and actions contributing to minimization of environmental footprints of developing infrastructural systems with regard for the current stage in the lifecycle of an infrastructural facility. Conclusions. A quantity index, demonstrating the environmental footprint of infrastructural facilities in operation, can be introduced as a summarized criterion for the socio-economic assessment of operation of infrastructural systems in urban economies.

An economic growth of the country strongly depends on the terms and level of development of key economic sectors, including energy supply. The centralized heat supply plays considerable role at energy sector of Russian economics. Privatization and economic liberalization in the Russian Federation have generated relations between the economic subjects which differ a lot from Soviet Union system. However, the centralized heat supply system means of heat tariffs formation were inherited from Soviet Union and they still apply practically without changes. It is necessary to pay attention also to an ecological component of this problem. Nowadays, if we want to preserve environment for the future and eliminate negative consequences, we should spend much more financial and technological resources. The result of negative impact of applying out-of-date energy technologies characterized by low efficiency can be enhancement of environmental contamination: water, air, soil. Working out of theoretical, practical and organizational and economic principles for formation of the state tools management in a centralized heat supply sphere, enhancement of efficiency at the present stage must be the subjects of research works. The complex solution of problems of the market organizational and economic management mechanism is complicated because of lack of methodological, methodical information for authority at all hierarchical levels. Therefore working out in this very important sector should become one of priority tasks. KEYWORDSEnergy sector, centralized heat supply sphere, organizational and economic principles, ecological and economical efficiency, impact on environment.

Now reduced share of industrial waste in comparison with the 80s is obvious in Russia Simultaneously, share ofmunicipal waste increases. A rather high part of industrial waste is used for recycling, but in the same time recycling for municipal waste is seldom. A few wastes are used for energy production. It concerns both municipal and wooden waste. The only one exception is pulp and paper mills. The most part of municipal waste is disposed in landfills and dumps including illegal ones. Waste treatment plants including incineration ones are only in several big cities (Moscow, St Petersburg, Samara). These plants are based on rather old technologies, as a rule. The main reason of such situation is absence at national and regional levels of a necessary legislation base that stimulates more effective waste treatment in Russia. In particularly, there is no a well-developed policy in renewable energy resources. Too low prices for gas are also prevention for introducing waste in energy production. Administrative decisions without economic measures are the most common method of management. It needs to use methods of project management in this sphere. There is a serious problem of absence of qualified experts. Thus it is necessary educational and training programs that include all topics of solid waste treatment. For this purpose it should be better to cooperate with the EU countries. It will give possibility to use European experience for Russia. Besides it can give possibility to use Russian technological inventions for other countries. It needs to develop a legislative initiative for separate collection of waste. Legislation that should stimulate private business activity in solid waste treatment is necessary also. It is desirably to make correction of Russian rules in waste treatment for more harmonization with rules of the EU. Now the amount and a variety of solid wastes in Russian cities and settlements is promptly growing. In spite of the fact that the amount of industrial waste in comparison with the 80's has considerably decreased, there is an appreciable increase of the amount of municipal waste. It is necessary to mean, that the significant part of industrial waste is exposed to processing, first recycling (metals, pulp-and-paper production, glass, plastics). In the same time recycling for municipal waste is developed rather poor. This situation is caused by several factors: After the beginning of market reforms in Russia the sector of trade in which modem methods of good packing began to develop very fast. It has resulted in the sharp increase of wastes, containing paper, plastic, cardboard, and glass. In the Soviet period circulation of glass packing (bottles, cans) was rather good due to a well-developed enough infrastructure and used methods of economic incentives for circulation (first on the base of a high mortgaging price). Thus the significant part of returned packing intended for a reuse. For example, glass bottles for milk were used on the average 9 - IO times. Measures of incentives for the population for recycling pulp-and-paper production were also developed. Collecting food waste for use as additives in forage to cattle was carried out. However last years big reducing of glass share and growth of plastic packing one happened changes. Packing in aluminum cans has appeared. Meanwhile, however, as a rule, glass receptacle did not be used repeatedly, and its collecting as a base for manufacture of new receptacle economically does not be stimulated. At the same time there is a certain interest to collecting aluminum cans that is connected to rather high prices for an aluminum waste. Unfortunately, because of backwardness of the infrastructure for collecting metal waste in the municipal sector a process of this collecting is sometimes rather criminal. Besides collectors is mostly the poorest part of the population. Simultaneously the amount of home electronic and electric devices ( computers, communication devices, household devices: refrigerators, TVs, radio sets, audio and video recorders and types) increases considerably with improvement of well-being of the population. Stable growth of the number of cars is observed. Revival of the construction industry promotes expansion of the list of used materials. Thus practice of application of rather dangerous materials (asbestos, PVC) is kept unfortunate] y. Food reduces are not allocated in the separate group now at collecting though use of old Soviet principles would allow to collect organic waste products for composting. These are 30-40 percents from all weight of waste, thus it would be possible to receive the ground for use in a garden facilities and in landscape gardening construction Collecting and transportation of solid waste products Russia By the present moment a basic scheme of collecting and transportation of solid waste did not change, except the increase of a number of the non-authorized dumps. City dwellers collect household waste within the limits of their apartments in waste cans, dust from which then is moved to municipal containers, which are located in courtyards. Many houses are equipped with refuse chutes from which solid waste also is got to municipal containers located in special spaces in the ground floor. Special machines come under certain schedules to transport the filled waste containers to special polygons (landfills) or incineration plants. The locations of municipal containers and clearing units of refuse chutes are mostly in unsatisfactory sanitary conditions, being a source of numerous rats and cockroaches. Offices of firms and administrative establishments have contracts with specialized transport agencies for transportation of solid waste. The vehicles belonging to specialized motor-vehicle pools, as a rule, are equipped with hydraulic elevating adaptations to lift municipal containers. However they are not completed with the equipment of dust densification in containers. The collected waste is overloaded to big volume containers in the overload points and then is transported by special transport to places of landfilling or processing. Vehicles of the specialized motor-vehicle pools are worn strongly out, as the majority of them were acquired in 1980th years. Probably, soon they will require repair or even to replacement. The account of transported dust is made according to volume of containers, instead of weight of contents that conducts to overestimate costs of the companies - carriers. Separate collecting of waste in initial stage of collecting remains while only at a level of projects and experiments. Thus, non-selected solid waste is delivered to places of landfilling or processing. Really, partial separating of collected waste is made directly in processing plants. For this purpose a special conveyor is used where workers take off some sorts of waste materials for further recycling.