Protein therapeutics have a major role in medicine in that they are used to treat diverse pathologies. Their three-dimensional structures not only offer higher specificity and lower toxicity than small organic compounds but also make them less stable, limiting their in vivo half-life. Protein analogues obtained by recombinant DNA technology or by chemical modification and/or the use of drug delivery vehicles has been adopted to improve or modulate the in vivo pharmacological activity of proteins. Nevertheless, strategies to improve the shelf-life of protein pharmaceuticals have been less explored, which has challenged the preservation of their activity. Herein, we present a methodology that simultaneously increases the stability of proteins and modulates the release profile, and implement it with human insulin as a proof of concept. Two novel thermally stable insulin composite crystal formulations intended for the therapeutic treatment of diabetes are reported. These composite crystals have been obtained by crystallizing insulin in agarose and fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-dialanine (Fmoc-AA) hydrogels. This process affords composite crystals, in which hydrogel fibers are occluded. The insulin in both crystalline formulations remains unaltered at 50 °C for 7 days. Differential scanning calorimetry, high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and in vivo studies have shown that insulin does not degrade after the heat treatment. The nature of the hydrogel modifies the physicochemical properties of the crystals. Crystals grown in Fmoc-AA hydrogel are more stable and have a slower dissolution rate than crystals grown in agarose. This methodology paves the way for the development of more stable protein pharmaceuticals overcoming some of the existing limitations.

This paper presents the design and simulation of a novel fan speed control system based on room temperature using Pulse width Modulation Technique. The duty cycle is made to vary according to the room temperature and the fan speed is controlled accordingly. This paper elucidates how the autonomous speed control of fan is done based on data from the temperature sensor. The design proposed here is appropriate according to the modern lifestyle. The simulation of the system has been done on Proteus Professional Software v 8.0 and the various graphs showing relationship between temperature and different parameters have been plotted in MATLAB R2013a v8.1 to validate the accuracy of the system.

Lungs are important respiratory organs primarily involved in gas exchange. Lungs interact directly with the environment and their primary function is affected by several inflammatory responses caused by allergens, inflammatory mediators, and pathogens, eventually leading to disease. The immune architecture of the lung consists of an extensive network of innate immune cells, which induce adaptive immune responses based on the nature of the pathogen(s). The balance of immune responses is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis in the lung. Infection by pathogens and physical or genetic dysregulation of immune homeostasis result in inflammatory diseases. These responses culminate in the production of a plethora of cytokines such as TSLP, IL-9, IL-25, and IL-33, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Shifting the balance of Th1, Th2, Th9, and Th17 responses have been the targets of therapeutic interventions in the treatment of these diseases. Here, we have briefly reviewed the innate and adaptive i3mmune responses in the lung. Genetic and environmental factors, and infection are the major causes of dysregulation of various functions of the lung. We have elaborated on the impact of inflammatory and infectious diseases, advances in therapies, and drug delivery devices on this critical organ. Finally, we have provided a comprehensive compilation of different inflammatory and infectious diseases of the lungs and commented on the pros and cons of different inhalation devices for the management of lung diseases. The review is intended to provide a summary of the immunology of the lung, with an emphasis on drug and device development.

This paper presents the design of a novel electronic voting machine using microcontroller. Voter's information facility has also been incorporated in the machine design. The information about the number of voters present at the polling place is stored in a register, which is later used to do various analyses. Infrared sensors have been used for determining the voter's information. The design proposed here has a special option of vote rejection which is not present in the conventional systems. The simulation of the system is done on Proteus Professional Software v8.0. Multiple vote casting has been avoided by using software coding techniques. The design presented in this paper is appropriate and the simulation is working properly under normal conditions.

This paper includes performance analysis of a mu ltipurpose microcontroller based system which has various modes to control distinct applications. The paper elucidates how a single chip microcontroller can process different signals and acco mplis h different tasks. The system discussed in this paper has seven modes. Each mode controls different applications. Radio frequency signals are used for controlling the system wirelessly and each mode is triggered by giving a suitable 4-bit logic by the transmitter. The different modes which the system works in consist of security tracking, temperature measurement, sound actuated control, voltmeter mode, door automation, pits avoider and obstacle avoider. The versatility of the system is tested using Xilin x software v10.1. It is found that the system is functioning properly under normal conditions and the variations of the different parameters for a particular mode have been plotted in MATLAB R2013a v8.1 to validate the accuracy of the system.