Russia’s budgeting procedures have been in transition since the adoption of the Budget Code in 1998. Major revisions of the Code were undertaken in 2003, 2004 and 2007. This article explores the many facets of budgeting in the Russian Federation, including budget formulation, parliamentary approval, budget execution, accounting and auditing, and financial relations between levels of government.

At the time of this review, fiscal policy in Latvia was in considerable turmoil as a consequence of the world-wide financial crisis. Thus, some of the usual budget rules and procedures were not followed during budget preparation 2009 and 2010 and budget execution 2009. This review examines the usual budget rules and procedures that were followed until 2008 and also the major institutional revisions that were discussed in 2009. The instability of fiscal policy is a major problem for Latvia and there is an urgent need to bring more stability to the budget process.

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The institutional features of the budget process in Moldova are in a permanent flux, because of ambitious reform programmes that have been adopted in recent years and that are planned for the future. This article examines the Moldovan budget formulation process, the role of parliament, budget execution and budget discipline, the supply side of the budget process (public administration and service delivery), and accounting and audit. JEL classification: H610.budgeting, Moldova, financial management, budget preparation, parliamentary budget process, budgetary discipline

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