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Ksudach Volcano, southern Kamchatka Peninsula, erupted in 1907 and impacted over 2000 km 2 of forests with air-fall pumice deposits. We identified three impact zones. In Zone I, deposits deeper than 100 cm destroyed all vegetation. Two early successional stages occur, a lichen-dominated desert and isolated patches of a pioneer herb stage. Zone II is defined by pumice deposits 30 to 100 cm deep. Deposits of 70 to 100 cm destroyed all vegetation, but left scattered snags. Here primary succession dominates recovery, but its rate varies. Isolated trees survived in deposits of 30 to 70 cm and primary and secondary successional stages form a complex mosaic termed an intermediate succession. In Zone II, the primary stages found in Zone I are joined by a dwarf shrub-herb stage and a secondary birch forest stage. Zone III occurs where thinner deposits permitted some vegetation to survive in all locations. Secondary succession dominates in deposits of 10 to 30 cm. Trees suffered damage, but survived deposits of 20 to 30 cm, while other vegetation layers were eliminated. Deposits of 10 to 20 cm eliminated mosses and lichens and but only reduced the number of dwarf shrubs and herbs. Deposits of less than 10 cm damaged herb, moss and lichen layers but did not eliminate any species. All sampled vegetation remains in a pre-climax state, having yet to recover fully from earlier eruptions. Reconstructed vegetation maps for before 1907 and for ca. 1925 are compared to the map of vegetation in 1994. Based on degree of soil formation, vegetation recovery and colonization rates at different pumice depths, and the current vegetation, we estimate that full recovery of the soil-vegetation system will take more than 2000 years.

The paper describes the structure and functional aspects of the electronic herbarium system with a web interface developed at the Botanical Garden-Institute FEB RAS (BGI) in 2016-2017. The main purpose of the system is to provide online access to the herbarium data, including online search operations and the facilities to enter new records into the herbarium database and to generate labels for specimens. The system is therefore multipurpose. It is primarily written in the Python programming language and has several key features: a two step validation process of digitized herbarium records, multi-user and multi-acronym support, semi-automatic herbarium sheet labelling based on entered data, handling of multispecies herbarium records (e.g. cryptogams), flexible taxon-level search and filtering within geographical areas via a web interface or automated search engine relying on HTTP API. The current system is actively used to manage a digital herbarium at the BGI, including its departments in Sakhalin and Amur Branches. The system can be used as well to integrate herbarium information from many other collections. Наз на-чение сис те мы -обеспечить онлайн доступ к гербарным данным, вклю чая базовые опе рации поиска и внесения записей в гербарную базу, а также соз дание макетов этикеток для гербарных образцов. Таким образом, систе-ма управления электронным гербарием представляет собой многоцелевой про грам мный комплекс. Она написана преимущественно на языке про-граммирования Python и обладает следующими возможностями: двухэтап-ным контролем оцифрованных гербарных образцов, поддержкой одновре-мен ной ра боты нескольких пользователей и управления несколькими гер ба рия ми с различными акронимами, полуавтоматической подсистемой эти ке тиро ва ния образцов, а также возможностью введения информации о мно гови до вых сборах (например, споровых), гибким поиском и фильтра-ци ей его ре зультатов, в том числе по географическим областям, с исполь-зо ванием как web-интерфейса, так и поисковых возможностей на основе HTTP API. Дан ная система используется для управления электронным гер-ба рием в БСИ, включая его Сахалинский и Амурский филиалы. Система так же может использоваться для интеграции гербарной информации кол-лек ций других учреждений.

ABSTRACT. Forty plants of Parnassia palustris var. multiseta collected in nine localities in Russia were studied in chromosome botany. They showed differentiation of the somatic chromosome numbers of 2n=18, 27 and 36, that could be diploid, triploid and tetraploid, respectively, of which the chromosome number of 2n=27 was reported here for the first time. The plants of 2n=18 and 36 chromosomes had commonly high pollen stainability and showed significantly different pollen grains in size from each other. The Parnassia palustris complex has been reported various different chromosome numbers from 2n=18 to 54 included in aneuploidy and autoploidy by many researchers (e.g., Erlandsson 1942;Kliphuis et al. 1965;Krogulevich 1978;Engelskjon 1979;Löve and Löve 1982;Gornall 1985;Funamoto 1986;Hultgård 1987; Gornarl and Wentworth 1993;Funamoto et al. 1994Funamoto et al. , 2002Wentworth and Gornall 1996;Lövkvisk and Hultgård 1999). KEYWORDS:In 2003 and 2004, we made field trips in Primorye and Altai Territories, Russia. According to Czerepanov (1995), these Territories record three species of Parnassia and we collected and studied P. palustris L. var. multiseta Ledeb. in somatic metaphase chromosomes and pollen grains. MATERIALS AND METHODSTotal 40 living samples of Parnassia palustris L. var. multiseta Ledeb. were collected in ten sites in nine localities in Primorye and Altai Territories, Russia ( Fig. 1; Table 1). These plants were cultivated in pots in shade place in the experimental garden of Showa Pharmaceutical University. Mitotic metaphase chromosomes were prepared in meristematic cells in fresh root-tips. Fresh root-tips were cut off in 5-10 mm long and pretreated in 2mM 8-hydroxyquinoline for 4h at ca 20°C before they were fixed in 45% acetic acid for 10 min at ca 2°C. They were macerated in a mixture of 1N hydrochloric-acid and 45% acetic-acid (1:1) for 20-23 sec at ca 60°C, were stained in 2% aceto-orcein for ca 30 min at room temperature in a moist chamber with 45% acetic-acid and then, were squashed in 2% aceto-orcein by the conventional method.Classification of Chromosome complements by the centromeric positions at mitotic metaphase followed Levan et al. (1964).Pollen grains were stained with 2% aceto-orcein to count at least first 3,000 grains for pollen stainability. After the photography, sizes of pollen grains were measured in length and width with a dial caliper, and analyzed with significant t-test.

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