BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) is a product of the initial response to secondary immune response, which accumulates in distal segment of the nerve after crush injury. Thymoquinone modulates the adaptive immune response. Effect of thymoquinone administration on local IgG levels of Rattus norvegicus Wistar rats sciatic nerve crush injury model has not been elucidated.METHODS: This was an experimental study, with 63 Rattus norvegicus Wistar rats that divided into 9 groups. Three groups were given placebo, 3 groups were given 100 mg/kg/day thymoquinone, and 3 groups were given 250 mg/kg/day thymoquinone. The rats were terminated based on the assigned group at 5x24, 6x24, and 7x24 hours and then the IgG levels were measured using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: There was a significant difference in IgG levels after administration of 100 and 250 mg/kg/day thymoquinone at 5x24 hours and 7x24 hours post-injury compared to the rats that were given no treatment. A significant difference of IgG levels was also found after administration of 100 mg/kg/day thymoquinone group at 6x24 hours post-injury. Critical point of decreasing local IgG of all groups happened at 6x24 hours after injury, however, there was no significant difference in the median levels of thymoquinone at doses of 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg.CONCLUSION: Local IgG levels in distal segment of the sciatic nerve crush injury is lower in rats that were given 100 mg/kg thymoquinone treatment compared to the rats that receive no thymoquinone treatment since 5x24 hours after injury. Thymoquione administration should be given immediately after the crush injury until before 6x24 hours post-injury to decrease antibodies in degeneration process.KEYWORDS: thymoquinone, immunoglobulin-G, crush injury, sciatic nerve

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BACKGROUND: Interleukin (IL)-10 is involved in Wallerian degeneration after peripheral nerve crush injury. Oral thymoquinone was previously observed to decrease local immunoglobulin-G (IgG) in a crush-injured rat model. No study has evaluated the pathway of various thymoquinone dosages on local IgG and IL-10 in this injury.METHODS: This experimental study used 126 Rattus norvegicus Wistar rats that were divided into 18 groups: six groups received a placebo, the other six groups received thymoquinone at 100 mg/kg/day and the last six groups received thymoquinone at 250 mg/kg/day, respectively. Rats were sacrificed at 12, 18, 24, 5x24, 6x24, and 7x24 hours. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), IL-10, and local IgG levels were assessed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The nuclear factor KappaB (NF-κB) expressions on Schwann cells were examined by flow cytometry. Path analysis was performed using SmartPLS.RESULTS: The path analysis showed that 100mg/kg/day of thymoquinone significantly decreased NF-κB expression. However, NF-κB did not affect local MMP-9, and MMP-9 had no significant relationship with local IL-10 and IgG. Thymoquinone 250 mg/kg/day also significantly inhibited NF-kB expression, decreased local MMP-9, and, in turn, decreased local IL-10 and IgG.CONCLUSION: Administration of oral thymoquinone 250 mg/kg/day decreases local IgG and IL-10 levels via suppressing NF-κB expression and MMP-9 leveKEYWORDS: thymoquinone, crush injury, IgG, IL-10, MMP-9, NF-κB

Background: Covid-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread worldwide, including Indonesia. Neurological manifestations has also been reported in Covid-19 positive patients. Yet documentation of their neuroimaging findings are lacking, especially in Indonesia. Objective: To understand neuroimaging findings in Covid-19 positive patients Methods: An observational study from medical record of Covid-19 positive patients in our hospital who developed abnormal neurologic manifestations and were followed up by neuroimaging examination from May to August 2020. Covid-19 positive diagnosis was confirmed from nasopharyngeal swab using the Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Neurological examination was performed by a neurologist, who then referred patients for neuroimaging examination using CT or MRI. Radiological expertise was performed by a radiologist. Results: A total of 288 patients who are Covid-19 positive from nasopharyngeal RT-PCR swab admitted to our hospital from May to August 2020. Ten patients (3.5%) had abnormal neurologic manifestations and further neuroimaging examination follow up. Range of age 33-72 years old and slight male predominance (60%). Frequent clinical symptoms were decreased consciousness (40%), altered mental status (30%) and tremors (20%). Neuroimaging findings were large vessel occlusion (30%), vasculitis (20%), post hipoxic leucoencephalopathy (10%), basal ganglia encephalopathy (10%), non specific small vessel ischemia changes and negative findings (30%). Most patients were discharged with clinical improvement (60%), while 40% mortality rate were seen in patient with large vessel occlusion (30%) and vasculitis (10%). Conclusion: Neuroimaging findings in Covid-19 positive patients were large vessel occlusion (LVO), vasculitis, post hipoxic leucoencephalopathy and basal ganglia encephalopathy Keywords: Covid-19, neurological, manifestation, neuroimaging