[fre] En 1998, 116 000 jeunes ont quitté le système éducatif sans diplôme. Dans un contexte d'accroissement général des niveaux de formation, ces jeunes ont plus de difficulté que les autres à trouver un emploi. Un sur trois s'insère néanmoins rapidement et durablement dans un emploi. Pour les autres, le processus d'insertion s'avère plus long : il dépasse très largement les trois premières années sur le marché du travail. Souffrant d'un manque de qualification, confrontés à la concurrence des plus diplômés ou aux réticences des employeurs, ces jeunes ont alors souvent recours aux mesures de la politique de l'emploi qui leur sont destinées. Plus de quatre jeunes non diplômés sur dix ont ainsi bénéficié d'une formation, d'un contrat en alternance, d'un contrat emploi solidarité ou d'un emploi jeune durant leurs sept premières années de vie active et pour 16 % des non diplômés cette expérience est même fortement structurante de ces premières années sur le marché du travail. Plus que par le passé ces passages par les dispositifs publics peuvent intervenir plusieurs années après la sortie du système éducatif. Ils s'inscrivent dans des trajectoires extrêmement variées : en particulier, ils ne sont pas forcément associés à la précarité puisque plus d'un jeune non diplômé sur quatre qui en a bénéficié connaît un parcours professionnel relativement stable. Néanmoins quatre fois sur dix les mesures se combinent avec des contrats à durée déterminée ou du chômage et une fois sur dix elles apparaissent dans des trajectoires marquées par l'inactivité. [eng] In 1998, 116,000 young people left education without qualifi cations. In the context of a general rise in the level of education, these young people have more diffi culty fi nding a job than their qualifi ed counterparts. Although one in three quickly fi nds long-term employment, the others spend their fi rst three years and beyond in the labour market looking for employment. These young people, lacking qualifi cations and faced with the competition of highly-qualifi ed people or the reluctance of employers to employ them, often turn to the Government employment measures designed to help them. More than four in ten young people without qualifi cations have benefi ted from training, a contrat en alternance (paid apprenticeship contract), a contrat emploi solidarité (solidarity employment contract) or an emploi jeune (youth insertion job) during the fi rst seven years of their working life, and for 16% of young people without qualifi cations these measures greatly structure their fi rst few years in the labour market. Young people are today turning to these Government employment measures several years after they have left education more often than before. These measures are not necessarily associated with precarious employment, since more than one in four young people without qualifi cations who have benefi ted from them have been in relatively stable employment. Nevertheless, four times out of ten the young people who benefi t from these measures are on fi xed-term contract...
[eng] Forty percent of the 742,000 young people who completed their initial education in 1998 moved to new localities and “employment areas” (zones d’emploi) in the fi rst seven years of their working careers. Thirteen percent relocated at least twice. In seven cases out of ten, the moves were to another département in approximately one in two instances, the moves were to another region. Fifteen percent of the persons in the group have returned to the region that they had left during their studies. Geographic attachment therefore seems weak among the younger cohorts. While a large majority of young people are potentially mobile, not all are so in reality. Several factors infl uence the decision to migrate. Some, often cited, are confi rmed here: age, educational attainment, previous mobility experience, and having children. Our study points to other factors as well, such as having parents born abroad, and employment status. By comparison with persons employed under unstable work contracts (fi xed-term contracts, temping, subsidized jobs), the unemployed are more mobile and workers on openended contracts are less so. Gender and marital status have a measurable impact as well. For instance, among couples, women’s educational attainment loses its signifi cant infl uence on the propensity to migrate, while men’s educational attainment remains infl uential. Residential and occupational mobility are often linked. Two-thirds of migrations between “employment areas” coincide with a job change. However, among migrants living as couples, the proportion of men changing jobs far exceeds that of women, and the gender gap widens over time. Women are more often involved in transitions between employment and non-employment. For instance, among persons living in partnerships who have migrated, three times as many women as men (13% versus 4%) have lost their jobs. [ger] 40 % der 742 000 Jugendlichen, die 1998 ihre Erstausbildung abschlossen, sind in den ersten sieben Jahren ihres Berufslebens in eine andere Beschäftigungszone gezogen. 13 % davon wechselten sogar mindestens zweimal den Ort. In sieben von zehn Fällen zogen die Jugendlichen in ein anderes Departement rund jeder zweite ging in eine andere Region. In 15 % der Fälle handelte es sich um eine Rückkehr in die Region, die sie wegen ihres Studiums verlassen hatten. Unter den jungen Generationen ist die territoriale Verankerung somit gering. Obgleich die Jugendlichen in ihrer großen Mehrheit potenziell mobil sind, trifft dies in der Praxis nicht zu. Mehrere Faktoren beeinfl ussen den Beschluss wegzuziehen. Manche dieser Faktoren, die oftmals angeführt werden, haben sich bestätigt: Alter, Ausbildungsniveau, vor der Mobilität gesammelte Erfahrungen und Vorhandensein von Kindern. Andere Faktoren werden aufgezeigt wie etwa die Tatsache, dass die Eltern im Ausland geboren wurden, und die Beschäftigungslage: Im Vergleich zu den Beschäftigten mit prekären Arbeitsverhältnissen (befristete Arbeitsverträge, Zeitarbeit, Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen) sind die Arbeitslosen mobiler und die...
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