Soybean is often damaged by hypoxia caused by waterlogging at the seedling stage. Hypoxia severely inhibits root development and retards plant growth. We aimed to clarify phenotypic variation in root development under hypoxia condition at the seedling stage using diverse soybean accessions. Root development in 162 accessions was evaluated in hydroponic culture. Substantial changes under hypoxia were investigated by means of WinRHIZO analysis before and after the treatment. We found significant phenotypic variation in hypoxia tolerance in root among the 162 accessions. A principal components analysis indicated an association between hypoxia tolerance and the country of origin. We found three new accessions which have a high ability to develop roots under hypoxia (Kokubu 7, Maetsue zairai 90B, and Yahagi). Root development in selected accessions was also evaluated in soil culture. Root development levels in hydroponic and soil culture were significantly correlated. These results will provide important information on waterlogging damage in regions where waterlogging occurs. The three accessions with hypoxia-tolerant roots might be useful for genetic improvement of waterlogging tolerance of modern soybean varieties.

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An intensive increase in the area of clear-cutting on the territory of Russia leads to the growth of non-reforested areas. Therefore, successful reforestation requires higher attention and the use of new technological solutions for growing seedlings. The purpose of this work was to perform an economic assessment of the costs required for traditional and innovative technologies in growing seedlings of woody species with open and closed root systems under different cultivation conditions. The results of the comparative analysis showed that seedlings grown with closed root systems without heating in greenhouses in one rotation require minimum costs for growing. An increasing number of rotations in growing seedlings with closed root systems leads to a decrease in the production costs and makes seedlings of English oak competitive in price with seedlings grown by traditional technology. It has been established that the discounted ROI period for seedlings with a closed root system is 5.5 years. Hence, the transition to innovative technologies for the cultivation of forest planting material is necessary for the effective implementation of recreation processes for forestry of Russia.

To prevent the distortion of the data transmission, the disturbance compensation method is highly required in the communication system. Therefore, the variations of parameters on both master and slave of secure communication and attacked signals all should be compensated to remain the sent data as its after decrypting. However, to reject these unwanted signals, the time varying disturbance rejection technique is requested. The time varying disturbance observer (DO) is able to reject both low and high frequency disturbances. Furthermore, the template of the sources of the disturbances are free. To meet the goal of robust control, first, the Liu chaotic system is used to represent the master and slave systems (MSSs). Second, the disturbance observer was proposed on the side of slave system together with the controller, which used to reject the parameters variations and disturbances on the public channels. Third, the sliding mode control was proposed to synchronize the slave and master systems. Final, the mathematical stability is provided based on the Lyapunov condition. Furthermore, to show the power and effectiveness of the given theory, the circuit realization was used to conduct the theoretical analysis. The sent and received messages were mostly identical, which is used to confirm that the proposed theory on the secure communication of chaotic circuits is good both in synchronization and disturbance rejection also.

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