This paper presents a three-dimensional modeling approach to simulate the thermal performance of a Li-ion battery module for a new urban car. A single-battery cell and a 52.3 Ah Li-ion battery module were considered, and a Newman, Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim (NTGK) model was adopted for the electrochemical modeling based on input parameters from the discharge experiment. A thermal–electrochemical coupled method was established to provide insight into the temperature variations over time under various discharge conditions. The distribution temperature of a single-battery cell was predicted accurately. Additionally, in a 5C discharge condition without a cooling system, the temperature of the battery module reached 114 °C, and the temperature difference increased to 25 °C under a 5C discharging condition. This condition led to the activation of thermal runaway and the possibility of an explosion. However, the application of a reasonable fan circulation and position reduced the maximum temperature to 49.7 °C under the 5C discharge condition. Moreover, accurate prediction of the temperature difference between cell areas during operation allowed for a clear understanding and design of an appropriate fan system.

Types of running vary from jogging in parks to fast running in competitions. Humans strive for faster, stronger, and more sustainable running performances spanning short to long distances. In the near future, wearable devices will enable humans to run at high speeds and overcome human limits. Therefore, aerodynamic prediction is essential for the system design of a wearable device. This study focused on the aerodynamic drag and flow field according to the assumed human posture at takeoff and touchdown for various running speeds. Numerical simulations were conducted with the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation, and a mathematical model, in conjunction with the use of simple geometric models, was developed to predict the aerodynamic drag. In addition, the power and energy were analyzed based on the generated aerodynamic drag. This study demonstrated the theoretical prediction of aerodynamic drag, and estimated the power and energy required to overcome it. The results from this study can be useful in the fields of sports, soft robotics, and biomechanics. Furthermore, the effects of wearable devices attached to the body on the aerodynamic drag can be analyzed by applying the presented methods, and this analysis is beneficial for the optimal design of wearable suits.