Simulation is considered to be a paradigm shift in surgical education and skills acquisition. Today simulation is accepted to be a new concept not only for Surgery but also for the entire health education. This paper aims to improve the awareness of simulation technology and is to assist those individuals and institutions who are in the process of building a simulation centre or envisioning the formation of a simulation program in their future endeavors. The author shares his experience with the medical community and provides information to access other resources in support of simulation programs.

The analysis of the formation mechanisms for freckling and for random gram formation in single crystal castings has resulted in a general understanding of the principles involved, but has not been tested extensively against results in actual superalloy castings. In this work, we present the results of experimental work on the production of freckling in superalloy castings, made directionally in a Bridgemau furnace capable of producing DS castings in which the directional axis can be rotated with respect to gravity.The results indicate that we may account quantitatively for freckle formation through an analysis based on fluid-flow as described by a modified Rayleigh criterion. The theoretical critical condition for freckle initiation is found to be a Rayleigh Number of unity; the experimental determination of this critical value is found to be in the region of 0.7 -0.9 depending on the alloy examined. We ascribe the difference in these values to the secondary features of the dendrite morphology. The relation to random grain nucleation is found to lie in the role of isotherm curvature in the solidifying region. This aspect is examined by the use of ProCAST computations in both castings and remelt ingots. morphology may have a large influence on the numerical value of Ra, and therefore on the development of freckling in a casting. Thirdly, the common industrial solution to freckling in directional castings, that of increasing the solidification temperature gradient, is shown to be reasonable in that its primary influence is on the dendrite spacing, but it is also seen to have clear limitations in the case of large thermal sections as would, for example, exist in large castings. Finally, the role of casting geometry and imperfect isotherm control during solidification is not at present part of the analysis and should be included for a full description of the phenomenon.

Blockchain as a supporting platform for various cryptocurrencies is a technology that will not sell by itself, meaning that its success could not be built on technical efficiency of an algorithm alone. Understanding the real economic problems that the technology should aim at solving is a first step towards identifying the marketing beachheads for the technology. The branding of any blockchain can be categorized under an economic framework pointing to the types that have the potentials of being sustainable and disruptive. Selection of appropriate beachheads, verticals, services etc. should aim to promote the exchange of real goods and services, and/or the utilization the accounting/data advantage of the technology.

cancer. LPHNs could thus be independent prognosticators in prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, as well as therapeutic targets for both androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant tumors.

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