Introduction Previous researches have indicated a strong association of alcohol and tobacco use with psychiatric disorders, but the relationship with depression and anxiety symptoms is still uncertain. We investigated the association of psychological distress and alcohol consumption, tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among adolescents in a developing country. Methods The authors evaluated 73,399 individuals (12–17 years) who participated in the Cardiovascular Risks Study in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, national and school-based study, carried out in 124 Brazilian municipalities. The variables considered were alcoholic beverages (experimentation, consumption in the previous month and frequency of use) and smoking (experimentation, current smoking habits, frequent smoking and SHS exposure). Psychological distress was defined as a score ≥ 3 points in GHQ-12. Analyses included multiple logistic regression modeling. Results The frequency of individuals with psychological distress was higher in the group who smoked for at least 7 consecutive days (53.3% vs 31.2%; OR: 2.17; 95%CI: 1.65–2.86), were exposed to SHS indoors (37.8% vs 29.8%; OR:1.30; 95%CI: 1.14–1.48), and outdoors (37.7% vs 26.6%; OR: 1.49; 95%CI: 1.28–1.74), and among young people who consumed at least 1 drink of alcohol in the previous 30 days (42.4% vs 28.6%; OR: 1.70; 95%CI: 1.46–1.97), when compared to adolescents not exposed. Conclusions Smoking (passively and actively) and the consumption of alcoholic beverages are associated to psychological distress in the adolescent population. Avoiding smoking and the use of alcohol may have beneficial effects on the mental health. Our data reinforce the urgent necessity to prevent effectively underage access to legal drugs in Brazil.

BackgroundBlood pressure is directly related to body mass index, and individuals with increased waist circumference have higher risk of developing hypertension, insulin resistance, and other metabolic changes, since adolescence.Objectiveto evaluate the correlation of blood pressure with insulin resistance, waist circumference and body mass index in adolescents.MethodsCross-section study on a representative sample of adolescent students. One group of adolescents with altered blood pressure detected by casual blood pressure and/or home blood pressure monitoring (blood pressure > 90th percentile) and one group of normotensive adolescents were studied. Body mass index, waist circumference were measured, and fasting glucose and plasma insulin levels were determined, using the HOMA-IR index to identify insulin resistance.ResultsA total of 162 adolescents (35 with normal blood pressure and 127 with altered blood pressure) were studied; 61% (n = 99) of them were boys and the mean age was 14.9 ± 1.62 years. Thirty-eight (23.5%) adolescents had altered HOMA-IR. The group with altered blood pressure had higher values of waist circumference, body mass index and HOMA-IR (p<0.05). Waist circumference was higher among boys in both groups (p<0.05) and girls with altered blood pressure had higher HOMA-IR than boys (p<0.05). There was a significant moderate correlation between body mass index and HOMA-IR in the group with altered blood pressure (ρ = 0.394; p < 0.001), and such correlation was stronger than in the normotensive group. There was also a significant moderate correlation between waist circumference and HOMA-IR in both groups (ρ = 0.345; p < 0.05). Logistic regression showed that HOMA-IR was as predictor of altered blood pressure (odds ratio - OR = 2.0; p = 0.001).ConclusionThere was a significant association of insulin resistance with blood pressure and the impact of insulin resistance on blood pressure since childhood. The correlation and association between markers of cardiovascular diseases was more pronounced in adolescents with altered blood pressure, suggesting that primary prevention strategies for cardiovascular risk factors should be early implemented in childhood and adolescence.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação da inatividade física no lazer e na escola com os transtornos mentais comuns durante a adolescência. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 73.399 adolescentes (12–17 anos), participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (Erica). Esse estudo transversal, nacional e de base escolar foi realizado em 2013 e 2014, nos municípios brasileiros com mais de 100 mil habitantes. A atividade física no lazer foi categorizada de acordo com o volume de prática semanal, e os adolescentes foram classificados em ativos (≥ 300 minutos/semana), inativos (0 minuto/semana) e insuficientemente ativos (1–299 minutos/semana). A prática esportiva e a participação em aulas de educação física na escola também foram analisadas. A presença de transtornos mentais comuns foi avaliada a partir do general health questionnaire, com ponto de corte maior ou igual a 3. Odds ratios (OR) foram estimados utilizando regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: A chance de transtornos mentais comuns foi 16% maior no grupo que relatou ser inativo (0 minuto/semana) no lazer (OR = 1,16; IC95% 1,06–1,27). A prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns foi maior entre jovens que não praticaram esportes (37,2% vs. 25,9%; OR = 1,14; IC95% 1,04–1,25) e não participaram das aulas de educação física na escola (39,5% vs. 29,6%; OR = 1,25; IC95% 1,15–1,36). Atividade física insuficiente (1–299 minutos/semana) não aumentou a razão de chances de transtornos mentais comuns. Praticar atividade física no lazer, independentemente da duração e frequência semanal, reduziu em 26% as chances de transtornos mentais comuns nessa população. CONCLUSÕES: A inatividade física no lazer e na escola foi associada à presença de transtornos mentais comuns na adolescência. Os resultados sugerem que prática esportiva, educação física escolar e atividade física durante o lazer, mesmo sem atingir a recomendação atual, têm relação com a saúde mental dos jovens.

ResumoObjetivos: Avaliar o ganho de peso na idade adulta, bem como a influência sobre a prevalência da hipertensão. Métodos: Estudo transversal, por meio de entrevista telefônica com indivíduos de 30-59 anos, recorte do Sistema Municipal de Monitoramento de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis por Meio de Entrevistas Telefônicas (SIMTEL). Analisaram-se dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e estilo de vida. O efeito independente do ganho de peso e do índice de massa corporal atual e aos 20 anos de idade na prevalência da hipertensão arterial foi analisado por meio de Regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Mediana de 42 anos de idade (IC95%; 41,0-43,0). A média do ganho de peso relativo foi de 18,1 ± 11,1%. Na amostra, 7,0% tiveram ganho de peso nulo, 19,2% baixo, 34,2% médio e 39,4% alto. Na análise multivariada, o ganho de peso não se associou à hipertensão arterial, já o IMC atual teve associação significativa, sendo a prevalência 2,4 vezes maior nos obesos do que nos eutróficos, enquanto que nos obesos aos 20 anos de idade a prevalência de hipertensão foi 1,9 vezes maior. Conclusões: Houve elevado ganho de peso na idade adulta, mas esse ganho não foi determinante para a hipertensão quando ajustado pelo IMC atual. Palavras-chave: hipertensão; pressão arterial; índice de massa corporal; ganho de peso; adulto. AbstractObjectives: Assess weight gain in adulthood, as well as influence on the prevalence of hypertension. Methods: Cross-sectional study through a telephone interview with individuals ranging from 30-59 years old, section of the Municipal Monitoring System of Risk Factors for Non-Transmitted Chronical Diseases via Telephone Interview (Sistema Municipal de Monitoramento de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis por Meio de Entrevistas Telefônicas (SIMTEL)). We analyzed demographic data, anthropometric and lifestyle. The independent effect of weight gain and current body mass index and 20 years of age in the prevalence of hypertension was analyzed using Poisson regression. Results: The median age was 42 years old (CI95%, 41.0-43.0). The average relative weight gain was 18.1 ± 11.1%. In the sample, 7.0% presented zero weight gain, 19.2% low, 34.2% average, and 39.4% high weight gain. In multivariate analysis, the weight gain was not associated to high blood pressure, since the current BMI was significantly associated, with a prevalence 2.4 times higher in obese than in normal weight, while in obese at 20 years of age, the prevalence hypertension was 1.9 times higher. Conclusions: There was a high weight gain in adulthood, but this gain was not decisive for hypertension when adjusted by the current BMI.

Birth weight was directly associated to height, but not associated to blood pressure, body mass index, and waist circumference in adolescents from an urban area of a developing country.