Context The primary role of endometrial sampling in patients with AUB is to determine whether carcinoma or premalignant lesions are present by evaluating histologically. β-catenin has been one among the important markers studied to differentiate between benign EH and premalignant EIN. 1) To analyse the expression of Aims: β-catenin in various endometrial lesions 2) To dene the diagnostic accuracy of β-catenin in differentiating benign EH from premalignant EAH/EIN. Settings and Design: Prospective study conducted at Department of Pathology in a tertiary care hospital over a period of two years. Methods and Materials: β-catenin immunoexpressions were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining in 150 histopathologically diagnosed cases of endometrial lesions from AUB cases. Statistical analysis used: The statistical analysis was done using Pearson's Chi-squared test. Results: This study included Proliferative endometrium (22 cases), Benign endometrial hyperplasia (57 cases), Endometrial atypical hyperplasia/ Endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia (56 cases) and Endometrioid carcinoma (15 cases). 50% cases of PE showed β-catenin membranous expression, 56% cases of BEH showed cytoplasmic expression, 27% cases of EAH/EIN and 60% of EMC showed nuclear expression. Statistically signicant association was seen between the location of β-catenin expression and different endometrial lesions (p<0.001). Diagnostic accuracy in differentiating benign EH from premalignant EAH/EIN was high with considering only nuclear β-catenin as aberrant expression and was low by considering cytoplasmic and /or nuclear βcatenin as aberrant expression.Conclusion Nuclear expression of β-catenin strongly correlates with increasing grades of endometrial pathology, namely endometrial atypical hyperplasia/ endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia and endometrioid carcinoma. Also nuclear expression of β-catenin appears as a little sensitive, but perfectly specic marker of endometrial precancer (EAH/EIN).

Background: Inflammatory response within transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) bladder is known to be predictive of tumor prognosis. Lower scores are associated with worser outcome and vice versa. Simpler and cost-effective methods of immunoscoring using immunohistochemistry (IHC) have been described. This study uses two easily available T-cell markers CD3 and CD8 and compares their immunoscore with tumor grade and understands the association. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were as follows: (1) To perform immunoscoring for cytotoxic T lymphocytes -CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in urothelial carcinoma and (2) to correlate the immunoscore with tumor grade and calculate its significance in predicting prognosis. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of 2 years duration from October 2018 to October 2020 was conducted at a tertiary level super specialty government institution. All the transurethral resection of bladder tissue biopsies reported as urothelial malignancies during the study period were included in the research. The tumors were graded histologically into high grade and low grade on histology based on the World Health Organization 2016 classification of Urothelial Carcinomas/International Society of Urological Pathology grading system. They were then subject to IHC with two T-cell markers CD3 and CD8 and immunoscoring was done using the method described by Galon. Results: A total of 42 cases of urothelial malignancies were diagnosed during the study period. Cases with higher tumor grade were 25 and lower tumor grade were 17. The association between the lower immunoscore and higher tumor grade was statistically significant. Conclusion: Immunoscoring is a useful adjunct to the routine histological evaluation of TCC. Easily available T-cell markers can be used as simple easy and cost-effective method for immunoscoring.