Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the most critical diseases in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The characterization and localization of pathogenic fungal races are essential for understanding pathogen population dynamics and developing resistant cultivars. Here, we discussed the relationship between the diversity of C. lindemuthianum and common bean resistance genes against anthracnose disease. Indeed, several studies using a system of 12 differential bean cultivars have been carried out since This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.1991 to monitor anthracnose, reporting the constant appearance of new races. C. lindemuthianum shows high virulence diversity, with 298 races distributed across 29 countries. In Brazil, were identified 89 races, being races 73, 65, and 81 the most frequent. Moreover, we highlighted the common bean gene clusters, their unique location on chromosomes, and their relationship with races and resistance genes. The genetic mapping studies, molecular markers linked to ANT resistance alleles and the specific races were integrated on the seven-chromosome map using the reference genome of common bean.Recently, the ease of use of genome sequences and the development of molecular technologies have allowed molecular markers for marker-assisted selection applied to anthracnose-resistant cultivars. As a result, it is feasible that Mesoamerican genes , and the Andean genes Co-1 2 , Co-1 4 , Co-Bf, Co-15, Co-AC, and CoPv01 CDRK are well-known to confer resistance to most races reported in Brazil and around the world. Thus, pyramiding these genes through molecular markers can help reduce the time and cost of introducing resistance genes in commercial common bean cultivars. | INTRODUCTIONCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a crucial staple food. It is one of the primary sources of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals worldwide and is cultivated in approximately 100 countries (Broughton et al., 2003;Vaz Patto et al., 2015). Among the factors that affect bean productivity, anthracnose (ANT) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Bri. & Cav. is considered one of the most serious ones. In fact, under C. lindemuthianum favorable conditions, anthracnose can reduce bean production

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the most critical diseases in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The characterization and localization of pathogenic fungal races are essential for understanding pathogen population dynamics and recommending strategies to develop resistant cultivars. As resistant genotypes are the most economical and ecologically safe means of controlling plant diseases, there have been efforts to characterize resistance genes in common bean. Several studies using a system of 12 differential bean cultivars have been carried out to monitor anthracnose since 1991, reporting the constant appearance of new fungal races. C. lindemuthianum shows high virulence diversity. The objective of the present study was to review the relationship between C. lindemuthianum races and the common bean pathogenic processes involved in the risk of developing anthracnose disease. As a result, 89 races occurred in Brazil, wherein 73, 65, and 81 of C. lindemuthianum are the most frequent. Furthermore, we built a map with the anthracnose resistance loci, molecular markers, and their respective physical position. The accessibility to the genomes and sequencing technologies permits molecular markers for marker-assisted selection applied to anthracnose-resistant cultivars. This study could be used as a reference for future resistance mapping studies and as a guide for selecting resistance loci in breeding programs aiming to develop common bean cultivars with durable anthracnose resistance.

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is the causal agent of anthracnose in common bean. Favorable conditions for this disease might result in up to 100% yield losses. One of the main challenges for common bean producers and breeders still remains the management disease, since this pathogen exhibits a wide genetic variability probably due to its recombination sexual reproduction. The 5·8S gene and the flanking internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of 40 different isolates of C. lindemuthianum collected in Brazil were amplified by PCR, and sequenced in order to determine genetic variability. The results revealed that 46.88% of SNPs were detected in the ITS1 region, while 53.12% of them were located in the ITS2 region. The genetic distance ranged from 0.000 to 0.169 between races. The greatest distance was observed between the races 10 and 73 with a value of 0.169, indicating a wide genetic variability between them. The phylogenetic tree was composed of three groups. Group I had five subgroups. Similar results were also observed through population structure analysis, which revealed the presence of three clusters. These results suggest that sequence analysis of ITS rDNA regions of C. lindemuthianum may be a valuable tool to identify this pathogen through design of specific primers.