Relationship of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum races and resistance loci in the Phaseolus vulgaris L. genome

Abstract

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the most critical diseases in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The characterization and localization of pathogenic fungal races are essential for understanding pathogen population dynamics and developing resistant cultivars. Here, we discussed the relationship between the diversity of C. lindemuthianum and common bean resistance genes against anthracnose disease. Indeed, several studies using a system of 12 differential bean cultivars have been carried out since This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.1991 to monitor anthracnose, reporting the constant appearance of new races. C. lindemuthianum shows high virulence diversity, with 298 races distributed across 29 countries. In Brazil, were identified 89 races, being races 73, 65, and 81 the most frequent. Moreover, we highlighted the common bean gene clusters, their unique location on chromosomes, and their relationship with races and resistance genes. The genetic mapping studies, molecular markers linked to ANT resistance alleles and the specific races were integrated on the seven-chromosome map using the reference genome of common bean.Recently, the ease of use of genome sequences and the development of molecular technologies have allowed molecular markers for marker-assisted selection applied to anthracnose-resistant cultivars. As a result, it is feasible that Mesoamerican genes , and the Andean genes Co-1 2 , Co-1 4 , Co-Bf, Co-15, Co-AC, and CoPv01 CDRK are well-known to confer resistance to most races reported in Brazil and around the world. Thus, pyramiding these genes through molecular markers can help reduce the time and cost of introducing resistance genes in commercial common bean cultivars. | INTRODUCTIONCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a crucial staple food. It is one of the primary sources of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals worldwide and is cultivated in approximately 100 countries (Broughton et al., 2003;Vaz Patto et al., 2015). Among the factors that affect bean productivity, anthracnose (ANT) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Bri. & Cav. is considered one of the most serious ones. In fact, under C. lindemuthianum favorable conditions, anthracnose can reduce bean production

Genetic fine‐mapping of anthracnose disease‐resistance allele Co‐14 present in the Andean common bean cultivar AND 277

“…and Magnus) Briosi and Cavara, ANT development is favorable in environmental conditions of moderate temperature and high humidity, causing considerable yield losses and grain quality depreciation. ANT is mainly a seed born disease (Ferreira et al., 2013; Singh & Schwartz, 2010; Wortmann et al., 1998), and the large pathogenic (Balardin & Kelly, 1998) and molecular (Ansari et al., 2004; Coêlho et al., 2016; Davide, 2006) variability of the pathogen are observed in bean‐producing areas worldwide, highlighting the use of resistant cultivars as the primary ANT control strategy (Caldas et al., 2016; Nunes et al., 2021). On the other hand, small and medium producers have widely adopted integrated management when resistant cultivars are not readily available.…”

Potential parents of carioca bean for use in breeding aiming resistance to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

“…According to reports of the literature, 298 races of C. lindemuthianum have been described in 29 countries (Nunes et al., 2021). In Brazil, about 89 races have already been registered, of which races 65, 73, and 81 are the most frequent (Nunes et al., 2021) and are the main focus of common bean breeding programs aimed to resist C. lindemuthianum . Certain strategies have been used to increase the durability of genetic resistance to diseases, especially for anthracnose, such as pyramiding genes through backcrossing (Ragagnin et al., 2009), use of multilines (Botelho et al., 2011; Carvalho, 2018), and recurrent selection (L. Costa et al., 2020).…”

“…According to reports of the literature, 298 races of C. lindemuthianum have been described in 29 countries (Nunes et al., 2021). In Brazil, about 89 races have already been registered, of which races 65, 73, and 81 are the most frequent (Nunes et al., 2021) and are the main focus of common bean breeding programs aimed to resist C. lindemuthianum .…”

Development of SNP based functional marker for anthracnose resistant Co-2 gene in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

“…The pathogen is highly variable and 298 races have been reported across 29 countries [11]. The coevolution of the fungus and common bean-resistant plants has resulted in the emergence of novel pathogenic races, which makes resistance implementation di cult as varieties resistant to one race might be susceptible to the other, necessitating the identi cation of durable anthracnose resistance varieties [12,13,14,15].…”