medical students. Problems with device operation were recorded and data collected in this phased was used to calculate the number of sample size in the next phase. Phase 3 -A randomized, non-inferiority trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of the novel device with the current device in BLS training for 60 lay rescuers. Phase 4 -A 6-point Likert type scale was evaluated by 44 BLS instructors for a satisfaction survey after using the novel device. Stage 3: The novel device's cost effectiveness was evaluated.Results: Novel device (Figure ) can give CPR quality feedback, can be used in AED training, and can operate on both functions consecutively and simultaneously. Expert opinions were in consistent with the device being up to standard and practical (Kappa ¼ 0.94). The factorial design, randomized controlled trial-design pilot study demonstrated that the best BLS practice test result was yielded in the group using the novel device, with a median(IQR) of 26(26-26) (p-value < 0.01), while the randomized, non-inferiority trial showed that the novel device was not inferior to the current device (p-value 0.28). The satisfaction survey using a 6-point Likert type scale demonstrated a median(IQR) satisfaction score for the novel device in terms of convenience and realism at 5(4-6) and 5(4-5.75), respectively. Cost-effectiveness analysis from the study showed that 1 set of novel BLS training device cost 3-5 times less than commercial models, and mass production of the device could reduce the cost by 5-10 times.Conclusions: Novel BLS training device can increase the instructor's convenience and the trainer's realism during the training. Its effectiveness in BLS training is equivalent to other commercial models and its cost is appropriate for a developing country. We expect to make quality BLS education accessible for all kinds of people.

Purpose of Review To review the current knowledge on interactions between dietary factors and microRNAs (miRNAs) in essential hypertension (EH) pathogenesis. Recent Findings There exists an integration of maintenance signals generated by genetic, epigenetic, immune, and environmental (e.g., dietary) factors that work to sustain balance in the gut-liver axis. It is well established that an imbalance in this complex, intertwined system substantially increases the risk for EH. As such, pertinent research has been taken to decipher how each signal operates in isolation and together in EH progression. Recent literature indicates that both macro- and micronutrients interrupt regulatory miRNA expressions and thus, alter multiple cellular processes that contribute to EH and its comorbidities. We highlight how carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, salt, and potassium modify miRNA signatures during EH. The disruption in miRNA expression can negatively impact communication systems such as over activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, modulating the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype, and promoting angiogenesis to favor EH. We also delineate the prognostic value of miRNAs in EH and discuss the pros and cons of surgical vs dietary prophylactic approaches in EH prevention. Summary We propose that dietary-dependent perturbation of the miRNA profile is one mechanism within the gut-liver axis that dictates EH development.

Purpose of Review The study aims to capture the history and lineage of hypertension researchers from the University of Toledo in Ohio and showcase their collective scientific contributions dating from their initial discoveries of the physiology of adrenal and renal systems and genetics regulating blood pressure (BP) to its more contemporary contributions including microbiota and metabolomic links to BP regulation. Recent Findings The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences (UTCOMLS), previously known as the Medical College of Ohio, has contributed significantly to our understanding of the etiology of hypertension. Two of the scientists, Patrick Mulrow and John Rapp from UTCOMLS, have been recognized with the highest honor, the Excellence in Hypertension award from the American Heart Association for their pioneering work on the physiology and genetics of hypertension, respectively. More recently, Bina Joe has continued their legacy in the basic sciences by uncovering previously unknown novel links between microbiota and metabolites to the etiology of hypertension, work that has been recognized by the American Heart Association with multiple awards. On the clinical research front, Christopher Cooper and colleagues lead the CORAL trials and contributed importantly to the investigations on renal artery stenosis treatment paradigms. Hypertension research at this institution has not only provided these pioneering insights, but also grown careers of scientists as leaders in academia as University Presidents and Deans of Medical Schools. Through the last decade, the university has expanded its commitment to Hypertension research as evident through the development of the Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine led by Bina Joe as its founding Director. Summary Hypertension being the top risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, which is the leading cause of human mortality, is an important area of research in multiple international universities. The UTCOMLS is one such university which, for the last 6 decades, has made significant contributions to our current understanding of hypertension. This review is a synthesis of this rich history. Additionally, it also serves as a collection of audio archives by more recent faculty who are also prominent leaders in the field of hypertension research, including John Rapp, Bina Joe, and Christopher Cooper, which are cataloged at Interviews.