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The risk of population exposure to severe heatwaves (HWs) increases in a hot and humid environment (Im et al., 2017). The wet-bub temperature (T WB ) takes into account temperature and humidity to measure the human body's surveillance limits. Population exposure to T WB exceeding a threshold of 35°C for a few hours of a day would result in death; therefore, 35°C can be used as an upper limit on human surveillance in a natural

This study evaluates the historical mean surface temperature (hereafter T2m) and examines how T2m changes over East Africa (EA) in the 21 st century using CMIP6 models. An evaluation was conducted based on mean state, trends, and statistical metrics (Bias, Correlation Coefficient, Root Mean Square Difference, and Taylor skill score). For future projections over EA, five best performing CMIP6 models (based on their performance ranking in historical mean temperature

Following the December 2015 Paris Agreement, there is an international effort to limit global warming at 1.5 and 2.0°C relative to the pre‐industrial level. However, there is inadequate research quantifying the difference in extreme temperature between the two target levels, especially in Africa. This study used historical and future low‐warming projections of NCAR‐CESM to assess the differences in extreme temperature events under 1.5 and 2.0°C future scenarios relative to the recent climate taken from 1976 to 2005 over Africa. The results show that compared with the present day, the magnitude of the highest temperature (TXx) will increase by approximately 1.6/2.2°C in 1.5/2.0°C warming worlds, with more substantial warming in Sahara and Southern Africa. The lowest temperature (TNn) will increase by ∼1.9/2.5°C in 1.5/2.0°C future climates, where SAH and SAF will experience a higher intensity of warming followed by Eastern Africa and Western Africa regions. The frequency of hot days (TX90p) is projected to increase with global warming across the continent, with a high increase in SAF and SAH. The frequency of cold days (TN10p) is expected to decrease with global warming in many parts of Africa except in WAF. In most regions, there were no apparent changes revealed in the Warm Spell Duration Indicator relative to the recent climate across the continent except SAH in 1.5 and 2.0°C warming levels, while a decrease in Cold Spell Duration Indicator will be in SAH. Assessment of the avoided impacts in 1.5 relative to 2.0°C indicates that limiting global warming at 1.5 rather than 2.0°C could reduce the intensity, frequency and duration of extreme temperatures from 3 to 81%. However, the magnitude of avoided impacts differs among indices and sub‐regions. Hence, it is paramount for the African continent to limit global warming at 1.5 instead of 2.0°C.

The present study assessed the spatiotemporal variation of summer monsoon precipitation and its potential drivers in Myanmar, utilizing monthly precipitation data from forty‐six (46) synoptic meteorological stations spanning 1981–2020. The nonparametric statistical Mann–Kendall (MK), Sequential Mann–Kendall (SQMK) test, Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF), and Probability Distribution Function (PDF) were used to determine the spatiotemporal monsoon precipitation trends and variability over the study period. The results show that higher precipitation occurs during June, July and August (peak monsoon period), while low precipitation was detected in May (onset month), September and October (withdrawal monsoon period), respectively. Moreover, abrupt change in precipitation is observed after 1990 with a significant (95% confidence level) increasing trend from 2000 to 2020. Decadal precipitation experienced the highest fluctuation during 2011–2020, a positive shift and increased frequency in recent decades. The spatial trends for monthly and seasonal precipitation vary from station to station and region to region due to a fluctuated shift of climatic dynamics. During dry conditions, less cloud liquid water suppressed relative humidity and high air temperature were exhibited, thus implying less precipitation in the region. However, the wet years revealed strong moisture/water vapour into the inland regions from the ocean, increased relative humidity, and suppressed air temperature. In addition, no significant relationship was found between El‐Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and monsoon onset timing with precipitation variability over Myanmar. This study provides essential information on manageable climate adaptation, mitigation and weather forecasting strategies in Myanmar.