Results of this experimental study suggest that the technique may be satisfactorily used in dogs with coxofemoral luxation.

A surgical technique is described for transposition of the sacrotuberous ligament to replace the teres ligament in the treatment of coxofemoral luxation in dogs. Ten dogs with coxofemoral luxation were treated using this technique and all animals regained full limb function within two months of surgery. It is suggested that the technique could be employed in dogs suffering from all types of hip luxations.

The purpose of this study was to identify the conjunctival microflora in healthy horses living at various altitudes and used for both sports as well as work activities, and determine the predispositions they may cause in terms of ocular diseases. A total of 400 eyes of 200 horses (50 sports and 50 work horses living at high altitudes, and likewise, 50 sports and 50 work horses living at low altitudes) aged 6 year (min: 5, max: 13) of English and Arabian and native breed from both sexes were clinically and ophthalmoscopically examined, and swab samples were taken from the conjunctival recesses of horses with no eye problems. After microbiological examinations, bacteria was isolated in 125 (31.2%) of the 400 swab samples, while fungi was isolated in 194 (48.5%) of the samples. It was determined that the isolated bacteria were mostly Gram-positive (71.5%) with Staphylococcus spp. being the most frequently isolated and Bacillus spp. the second-most frequently isolated. In terms of fungi isolation, Yeast were the most isolated with a rate of 39.6%, Penicillium spp. were the second-most isolated with 22.6% and Aspergillus spp. were the third-most isolated with 17.5%. The most effective antibiotics on isolated bacteria were determined as cephalosporin, oxytetracycline, lincomycin/neomycin (L/N) and ceftiofur. It was concluded that the data collected from the study, taken into consideration as reference values, could help in the creation of a more effective treatment protocol in the case of an eye infection. It was also concluded that it is necessary to carefully evaluate the bacteria and fungi that are identified in horses used for these activities, both during check-ups and with regard to creating a treatment plan when an inflammatory eye problem occurs. Keywords: Horse, Conjunctival flora, High altitude, Low altitude, Antibiogram Yüksek ve Alçak Rakımın Spor ve Hizmet Atlarındaki Konjunktival Flora Üzerine Etkisi: Kuzeydoğu Anadolu'da (Kars ve Iğdır) Bir Saha Çalışması ÖzetBu çalışmada gerek spor amaçlı gerekse hizmet faaliyetlerinde kullanılan ve farklı rakımlarda yaşayan sağlıklı atlara ait konjunktival mikrofloranın belirlenerek bunların oküler hastalıklar yönünden yaratabilecekleri predispozisyonların tesbit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yaşları ortalama 6 olan İngiliz, Arap ve yerli ırklara mensup her iki cinsiyette toplam 200 ata (yüksek rakımlı bölgede yaşayan 50 spor ve 50 hizmet ile alçak rakımlı bölgede yaşayan 50 spor ve 50 hizmet atı olmak üzere) ait 400 gözün klinik ve oftalmoskopik muayeneyesi yapılarak herhangi bir göz problemi olmayan bu atlara ait konjunktival resesustan sürüntü örnekleri alındı. Mikrobiyolojik incelemeler sonucu 400 sürüntü örneğinin 125'inden (%31.2) bakteri, 194'ünden (%48.5) ise mantar izolasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. İzole edilen bakterilerin çoğunlukla Gram pozitif olduğu (%71.5) ve ilk sırada Staphylococcus spp, ikinci sırada ise Bacillus spp.'nin yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Mantar izolasyonu açısından en sık izole edilen %39.6 oranla Maya, ikinci sırada %22.6 ile Penicill...

The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical, biochemical, and cardiovascular effects of intrathecal (IT) administration of ketamine HCl in calves. The study was performed on seven Simmental and three Montofon calves, 1.70 ± 1.16 weeks old, weighing approximately 37 kg, undergoing surgical procedures including femur fracture repair (one case), atresia anus (five cases), prolapsed rectum (one case), suturing on rear limbs (two cases), and urethrostomy (one case). After administering IT ketamine HCl at a dose of 3 mg/kg to all calves, the level and depth of the anaesthesia was checked with a pinprick test. Each animal was monitored by recording heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rates, and rectal temperature. Furthermore, certain biochemical parameters, blood gases, oxygen-total haemoglobin, and electrolyte levels were measured. All data were statistically evaluated using Minitab 16 software. Anaesthesia occurred in all calves at an average of 5.00 ± 1.41 min (range: 3-7) and continued for an average of 61.4 ± 40 min (range: 55-70). Sufficient anaesthesia was achieved in all animals for the required operations, and no complications occurred with regard to clinical and haemodynamic measurements. We concluded that in calves, which are not deemed suitable for administration of local anaesthetic via IT due to certain side effects, sufficient anaesthesia can be provided with ketamine by the same method for operations performed in the perineal area and hind extremities, and that this could be a good alternative for anaesthesia under field conditions.

With this study, in which the incidences of diseases seen in sheep feet raised in the Kars and Iğdır regions were evaluated clinically and radiologically according to two different seasons, a total of 8.000 sheep were examined in the pasture (n=4230) and pen/stall (n=3770) seasons; problems were detected in 1.080 (25.51%) of them in the pasture season and 520 (13.76%) of them in the pen/stall season. It was determined that the herd in general suffered primarily from horn and hoof deformations in the pasture season with 17.70% and in the pen/stall season with 11.78%. Osteophyte formations and rotation were detected in the phalangeal bones of 20 of the sheep, and osteolysis was detected in the third phalanx of 8 of the sheep. In the aforementioned seasons, the rate of foot rot was 2.83% and 0.82% respectively. It was detected that according to the breed of sheep, 54.69% of the foot problems were seen in Akkaraman, 39.81% in Morkaraman, 1.43% in Tujin, and 4.07% in other sheep breeds (Merino, Kıvırcık). In addition, it was concluded that animal owners do not have sufficient knowledge concerning foot and hoof care, or do not care much about this issue. In conclusion, it was determined that the most important foot problem for sheep raised in the Kars and Iğdır regions is hoof deformation, and it was concluded that this could largely be avoided with simple precautions. Keywords