In this study, a computational fluid dynamics approach is implemented to investigate the dynamic behavior of continuous-flow droplet microfluidics. The developed approach predicts both droplet generation and manipulation in a two-step process. Firstly, droplet formation was studied in a flow-focusing junction through an Eulerian-Eulerian approach. Surface tension and wall adhesion were used in the model. The effect of the flow rates and geometrical characteristics of the device on droplet size and dispensing rate was investigated. Secondly, post-generation, droplets were treated as point-likeparticles, and their deflection across a millimeter, multi-laminar flow chamber with five parallel streams was modeled using an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, thus improving computational efficiency. Flow rates and magnet location were optimized. Our simulated droplet trajectory inside the chamber was contrasted against experimental data and good agreement was found between them. This two-step computational model enables the rational optimization of continuous-flow droplet processing and it can be readily adapted to a broad range of magnetically-enabled microfluidic applications.

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Integrated computational fluid dynamics and magnetics simulation is employed to analyze the effects of magnetic force on the formation and manipulation of ferrofluid droplets within a flowing non-magnetic continuous phase in a microfluidic device.

In this paper, detailed consideration for electrochemical fabrication and optimization of different components used in energy storage device. Fabricated electrode contained three layers: RGO, CNT, and RGO (RGO/CNT/RGO). GO nanosheets were electrochemically modified to RGO utilizing potential scanning from 0 to −1.5 V versus silver chloride electrode during electrodeposition. ITO coated glass and glassy carbon electrode has been utilized as substrate through this research investigation to understand the physical, morphological and structural characteristics of the fabricated electrode. AFM and FESEM were performed to identify morphological and structural properties of the fabricated electrodes components. Besides, electrochemical properties were studied by Cyclic Voltammetry which indicates electrode surface area enhanced due to incorporation of RGO and CNT. Accordingly, results show the fabricated electrodes could enhance performance of energy storage devices. Since unique surface area can boost mobility of electrons on top of surface there must be a good trade-off accessible among the electrical conductivity and the total ion transportation in structural pores.

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