The role of pH fronts, chlorination and physicochemical reactions in tumor necrosis in the electrochemical treatment of tumors: A numerical study

Advances in the Electrochemical Treatment of Cancers and Tumors: Exploring the Current Trends, Advancements, and Mechanisms of Electrolytic Tumor Ablation

“…Mokhtare et al [28] also made advancements in the creation of mathematical models for the simulation of EChT while accounting for the spatial configuration of the electrodes, the buffer capacity of the proteins, organic phosphates, and the effect of chlorine bleaching inside the tissue in a two-dimensional geometry. The study also further displays the size of lesions, and their relationship to the moving pH front (see Figure 9).…”

“…B) The two-dimensional pH distribution for the 6 mA buffered model after 1000 s of simulation. Adapted with permission from Ref [28]…”

Spatial distributions of electric field, temperature, and pH generated by multiple electrode arrays

“…[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] pH fronts are extended in space and time during the application of EChT, when the distance between electrodes increases 18 However, the effectiveness of this therapy decreases when this distance is greater than 3 cm and there is short-circuiting for one distance between electrodes less than 0.5 cm. 24 The electrode spacing of 3 cm is has been used in the experiment to reveal the different findings around the anode, cathode and in regions between and away from these electrodes. 20 The distance of 1 cm is the most widely used in preclinical studies 10,11,16,19,21,23,24 and clinical, 9 and potato.…”

“…24 The electrode spacing of 3 cm is has been used in the experiment to reveal the different findings around the anode, cathode and in regions between and away from these electrodes. 20 The distance of 1 cm is the most widely used in preclinical studies 10,11,16,19,21,23,24 and clinical, 9 and potato. 17,18 However, the optimal distance between collinear electrodes is 0.7 cm.…”

“…These computational results were supported using electrode arrays with other shapes in ECT. 21,22,24 In addition, González et al 9 and Suarez et al 22 showed that the spatial profiles of the electric field (obtained based on simulations) and tissue damage (experimental findings) follow the electrode array geometry. Thus, experimental and computational simulations suggest that the spatial patterns in terms of the physical magnitudes and tissue damage in 2D are similar to those on each side of a piece of 3D biological tissue when straight needle electrodes are inserted, as described in previous studies, 10,17 as shown in Figure 1.…”