Introduction:One of the positive effects of brain stimulation is interhemispheric modulation as shown in some scientific studies. This study examined if a type of noninvasive stimulation using binaural beats with led-lights and sound would show different modulatory effects upon Alfa and SMR brain waves of elderlies and children with some disease types.Subjects: The sample included 75 individuals of both genders, being, randomly, divided in 6 groups. Groups were named elderly without dementia diagnosis (EWD), n=15, 76±8 years, elderly diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (EDP), n=15, 72±7 years, elderly diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (EDA), n=15, 81±6 years. The other groups were named children with Autism (CA), n=10, 11±4 years, children with Intellectual Impairment (CII), n=10, 12 ±5 years and children with normal cognitive development (CND), n=10, 11±4 years.Instruments and procedure: Instruments were the Mini Mental State Examination Test (MMSE), EEG-Neurocomputer instrument for brain waves registration, brain stimulator, Digit Span Test and a Protocol for working memory training. Data collection followed a pre and post-conjugated stimulation version. Results: The results of the inferential statistics showed that the stimulation protocol had different effects on Alpha and SMR brain waves of the patients. Also, indicated gains in memory functions, for both, children and elderlies as related to gains in brain waves modulation.Conclusion: The results may receive and provide support to a range of studies examining brain modulation and synaptic plasticity. Also, it was emphasized in the results discussion that there was the possibility of the technique serving as an accessory instrument to alternative brain therapies.

Background: Falls have been implicated as the second highest cause of disability and death in the old population across the world. Some studies have shown that physical exercise applied alone and/or combined with non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) may improve mental activity and motor functions reducing the frail and the likelihood of falls. In this research was investigated whether physical and mental exercises training (PMET) combined with the NIBS procedure would reduce better the likelihood of falls in adult's elderly as compared to the PMET by itself. Methods: A rigorous previous selective procedure was used for selecting 57 frail elderly subjects who were later randomly separated into two groups one of which nominated as experimental (FEG) and the o ther the control group (FCG). The FEG group practiced physical and mental exercises adjointly to a method of noninvasive brain stimulation. The FCG group received the same physical and mental exercises program as the FEG group practiced, but did not pass by the non-invasive brain stimulation procedure. Electroencephalographic data, propensity for falls and reaction time were evaluated in a version of pre and post intervention comparisons. The obtained data were treated using ANOVA ONE WAY with Tukey's posterior test, Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's and Spearman's correlation, all with a significance of 5%. Results: The conjugation of the NIBS to physical and mental training promoted decrease of the propensity for falls, enhance the reaction time, and modulated, both, Alpha and SMR bands. If taken together, it can be assumed that this program, moreover, was also efficient to reduce the adult's elderly of the experimental group their physical and mental frailty as indicated by their frailty test scores taken comparatively between the pre to the post intervention performances.

A estimulação cerebral em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral está associada a melhoria no desempenho motor e a incremento de eficácia na função neuronal , annually, about 15 million people are affected by cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), also known as stroke, with almost one-third of them suffering from some sort of disability. Consequences of CVA can be observed from a deep neural examination and may be presumed as the effect of the destruction of previously existing communications among a myriad of neurons responsible for the vandalized functions.The possible restoration could be presumed as being at the order of some sophisticated organic process normally under the conception of human brain neural plasticity [2][3][4] . In addition, in a theoretical point of view, one may expect that ABSTRACTAccording to World Health Organization, approximately 15 million people are affected by cerebrovascular accident in the world. We study the effect of brain stimulation plus an imaging procedure used as biofeedback training for recovery of motor functions impaired by CVA. Four individuals aged between 33 and 72 years were included in the study, of both genders, with hemiparesis on the left arm due to the CVA. They had their brain activity monitored by EEG. Functional tasks were evaluated according to an observational model proposed by the international classification of functioning and by runtime. The training was composed of 12 sessions of 30 minutes of stimulation by light and sound, as well as imaging procedures. Results revealed that improvements in the performance of the task, with regard to both the runtime and the functional quality of movements, are more related to the increase of effectiveness of neuronal function.Key words: stroke, motor neurons, deep brain stimulation. RESUMOSegundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, aproximadamente 15 milhões de pessoas no mundo sofrem acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Estudaram-se os efeitos da estimulação cerebral associada à imagética, como treinamento de biofeedback, para a recuperação das funções motoras deterioradas pelo AVC. Foram incluidos 4 indivíduos com idade entre 33 e 72 anos, de ambos os gêneros, e com hemiparesia no braço esquerdo devido ao AVC. Esses pacientes tiveram a atividade cerebral monitorada por EEG. A tarefa funcional foi avaliada de acordo com o modelo de observação proposto pela Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade e pelo tempo de execução. O treinamento consistiu de 12 sessões de 30 minutos de estimulação por luz e som associado à imagética. Os resultados revelaram melhoria no desempenho da tarefa, tanto em relação ao tempo de execução quanto à qualidade funcional do movimento, e que está mais relacionada com o incremento de eficácia da função neuronal.Palavras-Chave: acidente vascular cerebral, neurônios motores, estimulação encefálica profunda.

Introduction : The objective of the study was to make a systematic review of published studies that used the brain stimulation by light and sound as means to optimize brain function and increase the different treatments. Methods : The methods followed the Prisma model for eligibility of studies. Results : Four studies on the systematic review were included 3 experimental studies and 1 case report. Two of these studies were focused in learning and sportive performance, and 2 focused on increasing physical and mental health. Conclusion : It was concluded that the investigation of brain stimulation technique can be applied to induce favorable mental states to enlarge treatments of several disorders that affect humans in a safe and noninvasive way. It is suggested that positive results can also be found through the association of brain stimulation by light and sound with therapies that combat depression and anxiety states.

ARTICLE Brain stimulation used as biofeedback in neuronal activation of the temporal lobe area in autistic childrenEstimulação cerebral usada como biofeedback na ativação neural do lobo temporal em crianças autistas Thus, it is generally accepted that individuals with some form of ASD display at least some impairment in recognizing emotions through facial expressions 4 , although there are a host of inconsistent results 5 . However, the automatic mirroring of affective gestures and expressions is also considerably weaker in infants with ASD 6 and the differences in emotion processing between typically developing individuals and their peers with ASD are also observable at a neural level 6 . ABSTRACTThis study focused upon the functional capacity of mirror neurons in autistic children. 30 individuals, 10 carriers of the autistic syndrome (GCA), 10 with intellectual impairments (GDI), and 10 non-autistics (GCN) had registered eletroencephalogram from the brain area theoretically related to mirror neurons. Data collection procedure occurred prior to brain stimulation and after the stimulation session. During the second session, participants had to alternately process figures evoking neutral, happy, and/or sorrowful feelings. Results proved that, for all groups, the stimulation process in fact produced additional activation in the neural area under study. The level of activation was related to the format of emotional stimuli and the likelihood of boosting such stimuli. Since the increase of activation occurred in a model similar to the one observed for the control group, we may suggest that the difficulty people with autism have at expressing emotions is not due to nonexistence of mirror neurons.Keywords: autistic disorder; mirror neurons; emotions. RESUMOO estudo verificou a capacidade funcional dos neurônios-espelho em crianças autistas. 30 indivíduos, sendo 10 portadores da síndrome autista (GCA), 10 com deficiência intelectual (GDI), e 10 não-autistas (GCN) tiveram registrado o eletroencefalograma da área do cérebro relacionada teoricamente com os neurônios espelho. O procedimento de coleta de dados ocorreu antes e após uma sessão de estimulação cerebral. Durante a segunda coleta de dados, os participantes tiveram de processar alternadamente figuras evocando sentimentos neutros, felizes e tristes. Os resultados provaram que, para todos os grupos, o processo de estimulação de fato produziu ativação adicional na área neural em estudo. O nível de ativação foi relacionada com o formato dos estímulos emocionais. Uma vez que o aumento da ativação ocorreu em um modelo semelhante ao observado para o grupo controle, pode-se sugerir que as pessoas com autismo têm dificuldade em expressar emoções não devido à inexistência de neurônios-espelho.Palavras-chave: transtorno autístico; neurônios-espelho; emoções.