Antecedentes: Es importante entender las prácticas agrícolas y los criterios de selección que moldean la diversidad de variedades locales en plantas domesticadas. La región andina comparte con la región mesoamericana y Norteamérica los centros de origen de las cinco especies domesticadas de Cucurbita. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre diversidad biológica de estas especies son escasos en Perú en comparación con México. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las variedades locales de Cucurbita que reconocen, promueven y conservan los agricultores en el Distrito de Tomayquichua? ¿Qué mecanismos promueven la diversidad de estas variedades? Especies estudiadas: Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché, Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, Cucurbita maxima Duchesne. Sitio y año de estudio: Tomayquichua, Huánuco, Perú (junio de 2018 y 2019). Métodos: Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 29 familias de agricultores y comerciantes para evaluar la diversidad de variedades locales y las prácticas de manejo de las especies del género Cucurbita. Resultados: C. ficifolia es la cucurbitácea más diversa en Tomayquichua (13 variedades) seguido de C. moschata (10 variedades), las cuales se siembran en chacras y traspatios. Se reportan siete variedades de C. maxima, con el uso predominante de una variedad comercial en cultivos intensivos. Conclusión: Las prácticas agrícolas tradicionales parecen mantener la diversidad local de C. ficifolia y C. moschata. Las variedades locales de C. maxima en Tomayquichua parecen ser desplazadas progresivamente por una variedad mejorada destinada a aumentar la producción mediante prácticas agrícolas intensivas. La alta diversidad biológica de C. ficifolia en Perú sugiere un origen andino, pero se requieren estudios genéticos adicionales para aclararlo.
The potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) is a major invasive pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) worldwide. Classical biological control using parasitoids had been of primary interest during the last decades to control this pest. More than twenty parasitoid species have been reported parasitizing P. operculella. Apanteles subandinus Blanchard had been successfully used in different countries. Determination of the parasitoid's temperature-dependent development is crucial for better predicting the potential of the parasitoid to establish in a new region and to control the target pest. Therefore, the effect of temperature on the development and reproduction of A. subandinus was studied at five constant temperatures ranging from 11-30°C in its main host P. operculella. The Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILCYM) software was used to fit nonlinear equations to collected life table data and to establish an overall phenology model to simulate life table parameters based on temperature. The parasitoid completed its life cycle at constant temperatures from 15 to 30°C. Temperature of 11°C was lethal to pupae, and at 35°C no larvae development was possible. The theoretical lower threshold temperatures for the development of egg-larvae and pupae were 10.3°C and 11.8°C respectively. The model predicted limits for survival at around 12°C and 33°C. The lowest senescence rate was observed within the temperature range of 15-25°C. Oviposition time decreased significantly with increasing temperature from 12.2 days (15°C) to 1.8 days (30°C). The highest fertility was predicted at 27°C. Maximum population growth is expected around 26.78°C with a finite rate of increase, λ of 1.0445, which corresponds to a population doubling time of 15.9 days. The highest values for gross reproduction rate (GRR) and net reproduction rate (R0) were found between 24 and 25°C, and the shortest mean generation time (T) was observed at 30°C (23.48 d). The use of the phenology model in the context of classical biological control of P. operculella is discussed.
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