The chapter dwells on the theoretical and practical aspects of the informal sector involvement in the system of waste management in rural communities. First, the author discusses peculiar properties of the informal sector involvement such as social, economic, and environmental peculiarities. Second, organizing the informal sector in rural areas is considered. Such issues as the role of community members, organizational structures of community-based organizations, problems of community-based waste management, and directions of its solutions are covered. Third, the author provides summary of experience and policy recommendations for the integration of the informal sector in the waste management system in rural areas. The author concludes that policies facilitating the integration of the informal sector result in increasing recyclable recovery rates and reduction of total waste-management costs. Partnership with the informal recycling sector improves resource efficiency in rural areas and contributes to poverty reduction and environmental improvements.

The chapter dwells on the theoretical and practical aspects of the private sector involvement in the system of waste management in rural communities. First, the authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages as well as the risks of the private sector involvement. Second, typical features for developing countries' case studies on the private sector development are analyzed. Third, the authors provide a summary of experience and practical recommendations for decision making concerning the development of the private sector for waste management in rural communities. The authors conclude that public-private partnerships, namely the involvement of the private sector where most effective and appropriate, is the most favorable solution. Commercialization of the public sector could be a reasonable solution for the countries with the middle- and below-middle-income levels, at least at the start.

The environmental issues of disposal waste are considered in the article. The aim of this article is to carry out the quantitative assessment and to estimate economic potential from the biodegradable waste of the enterprises of a fishery complex. The paper provides a condition of the market of agriculture products in Russia and the Republic of Karelia. Main waste recycling ways in various industries by different technologies and equipment are considered. Qualitative and quantitative indicators for growing enterprises rainbow trout in Karelia are given. The paper presented the profitability of using agriculture waste in different ways and the most effective ways of recycling by environmental aspects. Furthermore, prospects of waste recovering in the Republic of Karelia, as well as factors hindering its development are given.

Rural areas both in Russia and Jordan are characterized by the lack of job places and relatively low opportunities for female and youth labor. The situation is worsened by the decrease in the efficiency of the agricultural production in general. Institutional and technological transformations are required to improve the efficiency of the agricultural sector which will inevitably be accompanied by the expansion of the employment. The purpose of the research is to analyze socio-economic aspects of agricultural sectors of Russia and Jordan and to develop proposals for the management of labor resources with the focus on women employment. Research methods consist of comparative analysis of socio-economic development of agricultural areas on the basis of statistical data for Russia and Jordan as well as SWOT analysis. It is recommended to launch a national project on agricultural development in Jordan, as in Russia, with specific country targets and similar objectives pointed out in the study.

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