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Abstract Environmental concerns have given a great deal of attention for the production of ultra-low-sulfur fuels. The conventional hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process has high operating cost and also encounters difficulty in removing sulfur compound with steric hindrance. Consequently, various research efforts have been made to overcome the limitation of conventional HDS process and exploring the alternative technologies for deep desulfurization. The alternative processes being explored for the production of ultra-low-sulfur content fuel are adsorptive desulfurization (ADS), biodesulfurization (BDS), oxidative desulfurization (ODS), and extractive desulfurization (EDS). The present article provided the comprehensive information on the basic principle, reaction mechanism, workability, advantages, and disadvantages of conventional and alternative technologies. This review article aims to provide valuable insight into the recent advances made in conventional HDS process and alternative techniques. For deep desulfurization of liquid fuels, integration of conventional HDS with an alternative technique is also proposed.

In this study, Cu-loaded Santa Barbara amorphous (SBA)-15 catalysts were synthesized by impregnation method and further used for catalytic wet peroxidation (CWPO) of pyridine from aqueous solution using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The synthesized catalysts have been characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area: temperature-programmed reduction, H 2 -chemisorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Characterization results indicate good dispersion of Cu species inside the porous structure of SBA-15. The effect of various parameters such as Cu loading on SBA-15, pH, catalyst dose, H 2 O 2 concentration, and temperature have been studied for their effect on CWPO of pyridine. More than 97% pyridine removal and 92% total organic carbon removal was achieved at optimum condition. Cu/SBA-15 showed stable performance during reuse for six cycles with negligible copper leaching.

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