No abstract

における CO 2 ガスのおおまかな量的バランスを The development and advancement of new technologies have been considered for carbon fixation and its effective utilization as being indispensable for the achievement of greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets without adversely impacting economic growth in the world. Among such technologies, the one considered to present the greatest potential in terms of both of feasibility and CO 2 reduction, as well as offering a relatively low cost burden, is CO 2 capture, usage and geological storage (CCUS). The costs of CO 2 recovery present a barrier to carry the CCS and CCUS project. Large-scale project models for carbon sequestration, recovery and underground storage that involve the construction of long-distance pipelines have been either implemented or planned in North America and Australia, etc., but such projects are not well matched to the land conditions of Japan. The development of Japanese-style CO 2 sequestration, recovery and underground storage technologies is required that ensures linkage in a compact and high economical way among local area-based CO 2 recovery, storage or fixation processes and also energy supply.In this article, the concept "Low-Carbon Smart Cities" have been proposed with some technical challenges that can be solved by research developments with including environmental monitoring. This concept is targeted for areas with relatively high population density and where land use constraints are in place. By applying the resulting model to the situation in Southeast Asian countries, which have similar land conditions and also possess coal resources, the aim is to combine and integrate the local environment with the provision of carbon-free energy and realize CO 2 reduction with greater economic efficiency.

No abstract

Gas emission in volcanic areas is one of the features that can be used for geothermal exploration and to monitor volcanic activity. Volcanic gases are usually emitted in permeable zones in geothermal fields. The use of thermal infrared radiometers (TIR) onboard of advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometers (ASTER) aims to detect thermal anomalies at the ground surface related to gas emissions from permeable zones. The study area is located around Bandung Basin, West Java (Indonesia), particularly the Papandayan and Domas craters. This area was chosen because of the easily detected land surface temperature (LST) following emissivity and vegetation corrections (Tcveg). The ASTER TIR images used in this study were acquired by direct night and day observation, including observations made using visible to near-infrared radiometers (VNIR). Field measurements of volcanic gases composed of SO2 and CO2 were performed at three different zones for each of the craters. The measured SO2 concentration was found to be constant over time, but CO2 concentration showed some variation in the craters. We obtained results suggesting that SO2 gas measurements and Tcveg are highly correlated. At Papandayan crater, the SO2 gas concentration was 334.34 ppm and the Tcveg temperature was 35.67 °C,  results that are considered highly anomalous. The same correlation was also found at Domas crater, which showed an increased SO2 gas concentration of 35.39 ppm located at a high-anomaly Tcveg of 30.65 °C. Therefore, the ASTER TIR images have potential to identify volcanic gases as related to high Tcveg.